气候变化背景下极端天气的新特征与防御技术对策
New Characteristics of Extreme Weather in the Context of Climate Change and Defense Countermeasures
本文旨在系统分析全球气候变化背景下我国主要极端天气的新特征、演变趋势及成因,评估当前预报预警与防御能力并提出系统性提升策略。综合现有观测数据、科研成果、业务实践,梳理了台风、暴雨、强对流、高温干旱、低温雨雪冰冻等极端天气的变化规律:气候变化正在引起我国极端天气的强度、频次、持续时间、地理分布等出现显著变化,核心因素是全球变暖导致的大气持水能力增加、北极升温引发“北极放大”效应所致的大尺度环流调整;台风强度增强、移速减慢,内陆影响加深;暴雨总频次略有减少,但极端性、影响范围、北移趋势增强;强对流天气突发性更强、碎片化趋势更加明显;高温干旱复合事件增多;低温雨雪冰冻事件单次危害加大。我国气象现代化水平显著提升,极端天气防御工作取得积极进展,体现在“地空天”立体监测网初步建成、自主研发的数值模式和人工智能模型水平明显提升、预警系统和信息发布渠道逐步完善,但在观测数据分布均匀性、极端天气精准预报、链式灾害防御等方面依然面临严峻挑战。建议在加强核心技术攻关、提升防灾减灾硬实力,实施跨部门数据共享、构建智能协同预警平台,完善递进式服务与全链条响应机制、提升韧性基础设施科技支撑能力,提升公众参与度、加强社会保障体系建设等方面采取切实行动,同步开展从技术突破到社会赋能的系统性转型,全面提升我国极端天气防御能力。
This study aims to systematically analyze the new characteristics, evolution trends, and causes of major extreme weather in China in the context of global climate change, and evaluate the current forecasting, early-warning, and defense capabilities of the country. Based on this, a systematic improvement strategy is proposed. By integrating existing observational data, research results, and operation practices, this study sorts out the changing patterns of extreme weather such as typhoons, heavy rain, severe convection, high temperature and drought, as well as low temperature, freezing rain, and blizzard. The results indicate that climate change is leading to significant alterations in the intensity, frequency, duration, and geographical distribution of extreme weather in China. The core driving mechanisms are the increase in atmospheric water-holding capacity caused by global warming and the large-scale circulation adjustment resulting from the Arctic amplification effect triggered by Arctic warming. The specific manifestations are as follows: the intensity of typhoons increases, their movement slows down, and their impact on the inland deepens. Although the total frequency of heavy rain has slightly decreased, its extremity, affected areas, and northward movement trend have intensified. Severe convective weather is more sudden and shows a more obvious trend of fragmentation. The number of compound events of high temperature and drought has increased. The harm caused by low temperature, freezing rain, and blizzard has increased each time. China's meteorological modernization level has significantly improved, and the defense work for extreme weather has made positive progress, including the establishment of a ground-air-space three-dimensional monitoring network, significant improvement in the level of independently developed numerical models and artificial intelligence models, and gradual improvement in the early warning system and information dissemination channels. However, there are still severe challenges in aspects such as the uniformity of observational data distribution, precise forecasting of extreme weather, and chain disaster defense. It is recommended to take practical actions in strengthening core technology research and development to enhance the country's disaster prevention and mitigation capabilities, implementing cross-departmental data sharing to build an intelligent collaborative early-warning platform, improving the progressive service and full-chain response mechanism to enhance the technological support capacity for resilient infrastructure, improving public participation, and strengthening the construction of the social security system. Meanwhile, it is necessary to carry out a systematic transformation from technological breakthrough to social empowerment to enhance China's capabilities to defense against extreme weather conditions.
气候变化 / 极端天气 / 预报预警 / 监测网 / 数值模式 / 防御策略
climate change / extreme weather / forecast and early warning / monitoring network / numerical model / defense strategy
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国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC3107902)
中国工程院咨询项目“极端灾害下城市与社会系统安全韧性技术发展战略研究”(2024-XBZD-21)
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