行业性数据跨境流动治理:国际格局与中国路径
Governance of Cross-Border Flow of Industry-Specific Data: International Landscape and China's Path
加强数据跨境流动监管与推进国际合作业已形成广泛共识,但行业性数据跨境流动治理的重视程度仍不足,存在监管规则“一刀切”倾向,亟需开展针对性研究,助力破解当前的治理困局。本文梳理了行业性数据跨境流动的核心概念、类型以及在金融、医疗、制造、电商等典型行业的特征与治理需求,分析了数据跨境流动治理的国际主流范式以及主要发达经济体的行业性数据跨境流动治理的政策实践,揭示了我国行业性数据跨境流动治理的现状及面临的挑战。研究发现,全球数据跨境治理的共性趋势愈发显著,正从“主权保护、自由流动、平衡治理”三足鼎立的格局转向以安全为前提的“管控流动”。我国数据跨境流动治理的基础制度与行业规则初步成型,但存在行业风险梯度模糊与“泛安全化”倾向、新兴技术适配难与“技术 ‒ 规则”脱节、部门协同不足与监管响应滞后、规则碎片化与国际话语权受限等问题。研究建议,完善数据跨境流动治理体系、深化国际数据治理规则参与、强化分行业精细化监管机制、构筑跨境数据协同治理生态,探索形成安全与发展并重的行业性数据跨境流动治理的“中国路径”。
There has been a broad consensus on strengthening the supervision of cross-border data flows and promoting international cooperation. However, the importance attached to the governance of cross-border flows of industry-specific data is still insufficient, exhibiting a tendency for regulatory rules to be "one-size-fits-all". There is an urgent need to conduct targeted research to help solve the current governance dilemma. This study sorts out the core concepts and types of cross-border flows of industry-specific data, as well as characteristics and governance needs of cross-border data flows in typical industries such as finance, medical care, manufacturing, and e-commerce. Moreover, it analyzes the international mainstream paradigm of cross-border data flow governance and the policy practices in developed economies. The current situation and challenges of cross-border data flow governance in China are revealed. The study finds that the common trends in global cross-border data flow governance are becoming increasingly prominent, shifting from the tripartite structure of "sovereignty protection, free flow, and balanced governance" to "controlled flow" with security as a prerequisite. The basic system and industry rules for China's cross-border data flow governance have taken shape. However, there still exist problems such as ambiguities in industry risk gradients and a tendency toward "pan-security", difficulties in adapting emerging technologies and a disconnect between technologies and rules, insufficient departmental coordination and lagging regulatory responses, as well as fragmented rules and limited international discourse power. The study suggests improving the governance system for cross-border data flows, deepening participation in international data governance rules, strengthening refined regulatory mechanisms by industry, and building a collaborative governance ecosystem for cross-border data flows. This "China path" for the governance of cross-border flows of industry-specific data should be explored with equal emphasis on security and development.
跨境数据流动 / 行业性数据 / 安全风险 / 数据治理政策
cross-border data flow / industry-specific data / security risks / data governance policy
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中国工程院咨询项目“能源领域数据跨境流动安全风险防控战略研究”(2025-XZ-49)
国家自然科学基金项目(72088101)
湘江实验室重大项目(22XJ01008)
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