我国城市极端暴雨洪涝新特征与韧性提升建议
New Characteristics of Extreme Rainstorm and Flood in Chinese Cities and Suggestions for Enhancing Resilience
在全球气候变化与快速城镇化叠加背景下,中国城市极端暴雨洪涝事件趋多增强,城市洪涝风险已演变为系统性城市公共安全威胁。本文基于文献资料、灾情数据、统计年鉴等,系统总结了我国城市极端暴雨及灾害损失的历史演变特征,揭示了极端暴雨洪涝事件呈现的四大新特征:极端性持续增强且刷新历史极值;突发局地性加剧,夜发性特征凸显;灾害空间向高脆弱性区域转移,城市立体承灾体暴露度激增;洪涝风险向风暴潮洪“四碰头”等复合性灾害演化,多灾种叠加效应持续升级。基于城市安全“风险源 ‒ 承灾体 ‒ 减灾力”理论框架剖析了城市洪涝防御面临的核心问题与挑战,并将韧性理念融入规划、建设与管理全周期,最后提出了城市极端暴雨洪涝灾害的科学应对路径,为构建气候适应型城市提供理论支撑。
In the context of global climate change and rapid urbanization, floods caused by extreme rainstorms in Chinese cities have been on the rise. Consequently, urban flood risks evolve into a systematic threat to urban safety. Based on literature, disaster data, and statistical yearbooks, this study summarizes the evolution characteristics of urban extreme rainstorms and disaster losses in China. Four new characteristics are revealed: intensifying extremity with historical records broken; localized and nocturnal occurrences becoming more pronounced; disasters shifting to highly vulnerable areas with a surge in urban multi-dimensional exposure; and flood risks evolving into compound hazards like fourfold convergence of typhoons, rainstorms, high tides, and floods, with escalating multi-hazard effects. This study analyzes the core challenges in urban flood prevention based on a theoretical framework of "risk source-risk exposure-mitigation force" in urban safety. By integrating the concept of resilience into the entire cycle of planning, construction, and management, we propose a scientific response path to extreme rainstorm and flood disasters in cities, aiming to provide theoretical support for constructing climate-adaptive cities.
极端暴雨 / 城市洪涝 / 非稳态特征 / 复合灾害 / 韧性应对
extreme rainstorm / urban flooding / non-stationary characteristics / compound disaster / resilient response
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