低资源地区健康普惠的国际实践及启示
Inclusive Health in Low-Resource Settings: International Practices and Developmental Insights
推动低资源地区的健康普惠是实现更高水平健康公平的必由之路。本文在厘清低资源地区健康普惠的基本概念并构建分析框架的基础上,通过系统梳理相关国际实践进展,发现了治理机制创新驱动资源优化配置、基于多元整合型筹资的健康导向支付机制转型、基于供需协同与“全专”协作的整合型健康服务模式、系统化的实践导向全科医生培养体系、实用且灵活的药品器械生产与供应链、务实适用的嵌入式数智技术赋能等六方面的发展规律。研究认为,在低资源地区促进健康普惠具有维护社会稳定和激发区域内生发展动力的功能,是构建普惠型社会福利制度的必然要求与重要组成部分;在全球与地方互动背景下,低资源地区健康普惠路径具有显著的区域差异,同时面临制度协同与技术适配这一核心挑战。为此建议,我国应坚持适度健康普惠为基本原则,以供需协同、“全专”协作、能力共建为主线,分阶段推进体系建设。在具体行动上,可着力构建多元协同与数智赋能的整体性治理格局,优先推动初级卫生保健服务的核心机制创新与数智技术的嵌入式应用,从而在特殊类型区域等低资源地区实现健康资源的高效转化,促进区域发展形成良性循环。
Promoting inclusive health in low-resource settings is an essential path toward achieving a higher level of health equity. Building upon a clarification of the fundamental concept of inclusive health in low-resource settings and the construction of an analytical framework, this study reviews international practices and identifies six key developmental patterns: governance mechanism innovations that drive resource optimal allocation; health-oriented payment reforms based on diversified and integrated financing models; integrated health service models grounded in supply-demand coordination and collaboration between primary and specialized care; systematic, practice-oriented training systems for general practitioners; practical and flexible production and supply chains for medicines and medical devices; and pragmatic and context-adapted integration of digital-intelligent technologies. The study argues that inclusive health in low-resource settings not only helps maintain social stability but also activates endogenous regional development potentials, making it an inevitable requirement and essential component of an inclusive social welfare system. In the context of global‒local interactions, pathways to inclusive health exhibit significant regional variations and face the core challenges of institutional coordination and technological adaptability. It is therefore recommended that China build an appropriate inclusive health system in a phased manner, focusing on supply-demand synergy and the integration of general and specialized care. Efforts should focus on establishing an integrated governance framework characterized by multi-stakeholder collaboration and digital-intelligent empowerment, with priority given to innovating core mechanisms of primary health care services and promoting the application of digital-intelligent technologies. This approach will facilitate efficient transformation of health resources and foster a virtuous cycle of regional development, particularly in low-resource settings.
健康普惠 / 初级卫生保健 / 整合型医疗卫生服务 / 低资源地区 / 国际比较
inclusive health / primary health care / integrated medical and health care / low-resource settings / international comparison
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