森林生态水文过程精准模拟的激光雷达与人工智能融合技术进展及应用框架
Precision Modeling of Forest Eco-hydrological Process via LiDAR and AI Integration: Advances and Application Framework
森林生态系统在维系全球水循环和生态安全中发挥核心作用,其生态水文过程的精确建模是森林管理、流域调控与生态工程设计的重要基础。针对传统方法难以高精度量化森林结构空间异质性与水文过程非线性耦合关系的问题,本文综合评述了激光雷达(LiDAR)与人工智能(AI)融合技术在森林生态水文过程建模中的发展进展和工程应用潜力。分析了传统森林生态水文建模面临的均质化假设局限及数据时空覆盖不足的挑战,重点梳理了地基与空天LiDAR在构建高保真森林三维结构方面取得的技术突破,AI在点云叶木分离、复杂水文过程模拟及物理机制融合中的关键作用。以海南热带雨林国家公园为例,本文系统评估了“LiDAR+AI”融合技术在基于精细三维结构的森林冠层降雨截留估算、不同林龄与结构特征对蒸散发与径流的定量影响分析以及森林水生态系统服务的精细化核算3个关键领域的应用表现;结果表明,“LiDAR+AI”融合技术显著提高了模型的空间分辨率与预测精度,能够有效反映森林垂直结构对降雨再分配和蒸散过程的微调节机制。最后,提出了面向森林生态水文过程的“数据 ‒ 模型 ‒ 平台 ‒ 反馈”一体化融合建模框架,探讨了多元数据与机理模型深度融合的实现方式,并指出了当前在数据标准化、机理融合难度及计算成本等方面的挑战。该研究为构建高精度、可解释、具有工程应用潜力的森林生态水文过程模型提供了技术路径,为我国森林水生态系统服务评估与生态工程管理提供了科学支撑。
Forest ecosystems play a fundamental role in sustaining global water cycles and ecological security, and accurate modeling of their eco-hydrological processes is essential for forest management, watershed regulation, and eco-engineering design. To address the limitations of conventional methods regarding high-precision quantification of the spatial heterogeneity of forest structures and its nonlinear coupling with hydrological processes, this study reviews the advances and engineering application potentials of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) and artificial intelligence (AI) fusion technologies in forest eco-hydrological modeling. The study first analyzes the limitation of homogeneity assumption in conventional models and the challenge of insufficient spatiotemporal data coverage. It highlights the technological breakthroughs of terrestrial and spaceborne LiDAR in constructing high-fidelity forest three-dimensional (3D) structures, as well as the critical role of AI in leaf-wood separation from point clouds, complex hydrological process simulation, and physics-informed machine learning (PIML). Using the National Park of Hainan Tropical Rainforest as a representative case, the study evaluates the application performance of LiDAR + AI fusion in three key areas: estimation of rainfall interception by forest canopies based on fine-scale 3D structures, quantitative analysis of the effects of forest age and structure on evapotranspiration and runoff, and refined accounting of forest water-related ecosystem services. The results demonstrate that LiDAR + AI fusion significantly improves the spatial resolution and predictive accuracy of models, effectively revealing the micro-scale regulation mechanisms of forest vertical structures on rainfall redistribution and evapotranspiration processes. Finally, a “data‒model‒platform‒feedback” fusion modeling framework for forest eco-hydrological processes is proposed. This framework explores the implementation of deep integration between multi-source data and mechanistic models, and identifies current challenges in data standardization, fusion complexity, and computational cost. This study further provides a technical pathway toward high-precision, interpretable forest eco-hydrological modeling with potentials for engineering application, offering scientific support for forest water-related ecosystem service assessment and ecological engineering management.
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中国工程院咨询项目“海南热带雨林国家公园生态产品价值评估与实现路径”(24HNZX-10)
海南国家公园研究院资助项目(KY-23ZK02)
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