氢能热泵技术进展及典型应用探讨
Advances in Hydrogen Heat Pump Technology and Typical Applications
受“双碳”目标驱动,我国建筑和工业用热系统正在加快开展清洁低碳转型,但可再生能源发电与用热需求在时间和空间尺度上存在明显的错配,制约了用热领域的深度脱碳进程。本文提出了一种新型氢能热泵系统,以氢能的零碳特性与热泵的高效能量提升能力相结合的方式,为终端用能系统的深度脱碳提供了兼顾效率和灵活性的技术路径。全面梳理了氢能热泵动力部件和热泵系统的技术特点与发展现状,提炼了供热水、“汽 ‒ 电联供”两类当前的典型应用场景,构建了多种动力装置驱动的氢能热泵系统技术路线,对比分析了不同方案下氢能热泵系统的预期能效和经济效益。在供热水场景下,燃料电池驱动的氢能热泵系统的预期能效高于燃烧型动力装置驱动系统,其中质子交换膜燃料电池、固体氧化物燃料电池驱动方案具有最佳的预期能效。在“汽 ‒ 电联供”场景下,不同动力装置驱动系统的能效差异较小,但燃烧型动力装置驱动方案具有更高的热能输出占比;随着蒸汽温度的提高,系统总体能效基本保持稳定,而制热量在总能量输出中的比例逐渐增加。整体来看,氢能热泵技术可以缓解可再生能源供给与供热、供冷需求在时间和空间尺度上的错配问题,作为“电 ‒ 热 ‒ 氢”耦合的接口设备灵活应用于大规模集中供暖、小规模分布式供暖、零碳工业园区供能中心、数据中心高效供冷、大型交通枢纽等未来的规模化应用场景,在提升终端能源利用效率、推动能源系统深度脱碳方面发挥重要作用。
Driven by the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, building and industrial heating systems of China are rapidly transitioning toward clean and low-carbon models. However, significant temporal and spatial mismatches exist between renewable energy generation and heating demand, hindering the deep decarbonization of the heating sector. This study proposes a novel hydrogen heat pump system that integrates the zero-carbon characteristics of hydrogen energy with the high-efficiency energy upgrading capability of heat pumps, providing a technological pathway that balances efficiency and flexibility for the deep decarbonization of end-use energy systems. On this basis, the technical characteristics and current development status of hydrogen heat pump power components and heat pump systems are examined, and technical routes for hydrogen heat pump systems driven by various power units are constructed for two application scenarios: hot water supply as well as combined heat and power (CHP) supply. The expected energy performance and economic benefits of the hydrogen heat pump systems under different configurations are then evaluated. In the hot water supply scenario, hydrogen heat pump systems driven by fuel cells exhibit higher expected energy efficiency than those driven by combustion-based power devices, among which systems driven by proton exchange membrane fuel cells and solid oxide fuel cells show the highest expected energy efficiency. In the CHP scenario, the expected energy performance differences among systems driven by different power devices are relatively small; however, combustion-based systems show a higher proportion of thermal energy output. As the steam temperature increases, the overall system efficiency remains nearly unchanged, while the proportion of heat output in the total energy output gradually increases. Overall, the hydrogen energy heat pump technology can help alleviate the temporal and spatial mismatch between renewable energy supply and heating/cooling demands. As an interface device for coupling electricity, heat, and hydrogen, the hydrogen heat pump can be flexibly applied in future large-scale centralized heating systems, small-scale distributed heating systems, zero-carbon industrial park energy centers, high-efficiency cooling systems for data centers, large transportation hubs, and other large-scale application scenarios, thereby playing an important role in improving end-use energy efficiency and promoting deep decarbonization of energy systems.
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