深海商业化采矿尾水尾气绿色低碳利用新模式探索
New Model for Green and Low-Carbon Utilization of Tailwater and Exhaust Gas in Commercial Deep-Sea Mining
深海蕴藏着丰富的矿产资源,深海采矿商业化进程中面临尾水直排引发的中水羽流污染和母船高碳排放两大核心环境制约。针对以上痛点,本文提出了一种基于尾水尾气绿色低碳利用的深海商业化采矿新模式,将尾水尾气的源头控制与岛礁资源化利用进行融合创新,形成“中水羽流控制 ‒ 资源转化 ‒ 协同利用”系统路径。基于尾水矿物泥理化特性,建立“高效絮凝 ‒ 压滤脱水 ‒ 淋滤除盐 ‒ 重金属稳定化”安全处理体系,从源头避免中水羽流形成,实现矿物泥固液分离、脱盐与无害化处理;集成船载碳捕集与深海碳封存技术,依托深海高压、低温环境,实现基于水合物法的CO2封存,并结合碳交易机制提升经济可行性。研究发现,经安全处理后,尾水矿物泥含水率、含盐量与重金属含量显著降低,可应用于岛礁农业用土、岛礁绿色建材、日化用品等领域,创造显著经济价值;尾气碳封存与采矿作业深度协同,有效减少了作业设备和能源重复配置,提升了系统整体运行效率,同时为海洋工程系统向低碳转型提供了可推广的技术方案。研究提出了深海商业化采矿尾水尾气绿色低碳利用的未来技术方向,包括以大规模商业化采矿为目标的矿物泥安全处理体系、深海采矿与岛礁农业种植协同发展、适用于岛礁环境的绿色建材制备技术、尾气处理与碳封存一体化技术和高质量尾水矿物泥日化用品制备技术。本文构建的“深海采矿 ‒ 资源转化 ‒ 产业协同”循环体系,为突破深海资源商业开发的环境制约提供了系统性解决方案,为全球蓝色经济贡献了高效技术范式。
Abundant mineral resources exist in the deep sea. However, in current deep-sea mining practices in China and abroad, tailwater is generally discharged directly into the middle layer of the ocean, leading to large-scale midwater plumes; and the carbon emissions of mother ships are extremely high. These have become core environmental bottlenecks restricting commercial deep-sea mining. To address these challenges, the study proposes a novel model for commercial deep-sea mining that leverages the green and low-carbon utilization of tailwater and exhaust gas. This model innovatively integrates source control with resource recovery, establishing a systematic pathway of "midwater plume control-resource transformation-synergistic enhancement." Based on the physicochemical properties of tailing mineral sludge, a safe treatment system encompassing "efficient flocculation-pressure filtration and dewatering-leaching desalination-heavy metal stabilization" is developed to prevent the formation of midwater plumes at the source, achieving solid-liquid separation, desalination, and harmless treatment of the sludge. Shipboard carbon capture and deep-sea sequestration technologies are integrated, capitalizing on the high-pressure and low-temperature conditions of the deep sea to realize mineralized sequestration of carbon dioxide in the form of hydrates. Carbon trading mechanisms are further incorporated to improve economic feasibility. The results indicate that, after safe treatment, the moisture content, salinity, and heavy metal concentrations in the tailing mineral sludge are significantly reduced, enabling its use in agricultural soils of islands and reefs, eco-friendly construction materials for island-reef systems, and daily chemical products, thereby creating considerable economic values. In parallel, the deep integration of exhaust gas carbon sequestration with mining operations minimizes redundant equipment and energy allocation, enhancing the overall operational efficiency of the system. Moreover, it offers a scalable technical solution for the low-carbon transition of marine engineering systems. The study also outlines future technological directions for the green and low-carbon utilization of tailwater and exhaust gas in commercial deep-sea mining. These include a safe treatment system for tailing mineral sludge aimed for large-scale commercial mining, coordinated development of deep-sea mining and agricultural cultivation on islands and reefs, green building material preparation technologies adapted to island and reef environments, integrated technologies for exhaust gas treatment and carbon sequestration, as well as technologies for producing high-quality daily chemical products from tailing mineral sludge. By establishing a circular system that integrates deep-sea mining, resource transformation, and industrial synergy, this study provides a systematic solution to overcome the environmental constraints in the commercial development of deep-sea resources, contributing an efficient technological paradigm to the global blue economy.
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国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(A类)(52225107)
国家自然科学基金项目(U25A6020)
国家自然科学基金项目(U1906234)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项(202442004)
中国工程院咨询项目“水下工程技术装备与产业链发展战略研究”(2023-XZ-32)
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