城市系统耦合风险防控技术发展研究
Development of Urban System Coupling Risk Prevention and Control Technology
在城镇化和气候变化的双重驱动下,城市安全面临更加突出的系统性风险。城市复杂系统的跨域、跨界、跨系统的风险问题,对传统分割式风险管理范式构成根本性挑战,亟需发展与之适应的系统性防控方法论与技术体系。本文在辨析城市灾害风险时空分布变化、系统复杂性认知不足、预警响应衔接不畅、数智技术应用浅层化等发展挑战的基础上,提出了“风险感知 ‒ 灾害演化 ‒ 预警响应”全链条防控框架,机理认知深化、预报技术突破、预警能力构建、防控体系形成等层面的发展目标;凝练了“极端灾害 ‒ 基础设施 ‒ 社会系统”耦合风险演化规律、极端灾害系统动态风险预测评估与临界点识别方法、极端灾害的系统性协同防控与风险治理方法等关键科学问题,阐述了极端灾害与基础设施、社会系统耦合演化机制,融合数字孪生系统与社会系统模型的极端灾害模拟器,极端灾害的精准风险防控与风险治理理论,极端灾害防控的智能人机协同平台与应用等技术攻关要点。以郑州市“7·20”特大暴雨为参考场景,在合肥市开展了高保真时空移植的灾害推演,显现了所提技术框架的综合推演能力与场景适用性。进一步前瞻了全链条精细化风险评估、全局系统性风险认知、事前预演型决策支持、智能协同型风险治理、交叉融合式研究方法等城市系统耦合风险防控技术发展方向,为构建城市安全韧性体系提供了理论支撑与实践指引。
Driven by rapid urbanization and climate change, urban safety is increasingly confronted with systemic risks. These cross-domain, cross-boundary, and cross-system risks in complex urban systems fundamentally challenge traditional risk prevention and control paradigms based on fragmented management approaches, thereby necessitating the development of adaptive systematic prevention and control methodologies and technological systems. This study first identifies major challenges, including the varied spatiotemporal distribution of urban disaster risks, insufficient understanding of system complexity, inadequate linkage between early warning and emergency response, and the superficial application of digital and intelligent technologies. Based on this, it proposes a "risk perception‒disaster evolution‒early warning and response" entire-chain prevention and control framework, together with development objectives in terms of mechanism understanding, forecasting technologies, early warning capabilities, and integrated prevention and control systems. Furthermore, several key scientific issues are identified, including the coupled risk evolution mechanisms among extreme hazards, infrastructure systems, and social systems; methods for dynamic risk prediction, assessment, and critical threshold identification under extreme events; and systematic approaches for collaborative risk prevention and governance. The study further proposes key technological directions, including the coupled evolution mechanisms among extreme hazards, infrastructure systems, and social systems; an extreme disaster simulator integrating digital twin systems and social system models; theories for precise risk prevention and governance; and intelligent human‒machine collaborative platforms and applications for extreme disaster prevention and control. Using the extreme rainstorm event that occurred in Zhengzhou on July 20, 2021 as a reference scenario, we conduct a high-fidelity disaster simulation in Hefei, demonstrating the comprehensive simulation capability and scenario applicability of the proposed technical framework. Furthermore, the study looks ahead to future development directions in urban system coupled risk prevention and control, including entire-chain refined risk assessment, global systemic risk cognition, pre-event rehearsal-type decision support, intelligent collaborative risk governance, and cross-fusion research methods, thereby providing theoretical support and practical guidance for building urban safety and resilience systems.
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