我国应急救援数智治理体系的建设与发展
Construction and Development of Digital and Intelligent Governance System for Emergency Rescue in China
我国极端灾害呈现易发高发、多灾并发、链式传导特征,亟需发展现代化应急救援体系;从数智治理视角出发重塑和提升应急救援体系现代化能力,成为应急管理体系建设的核心议题。本文面向应急救援数智治理,辨析了理论内涵,从多维视角厘清了需求特征,梳理了全域感知、抗毁通信、统一指挥、智能决策、协同作战、精准调配等方面的发展现状,指出将沿着全景化、智能化、精准化、边缘化、韧性化、一体化等方向演进。研究认为,“三断”情景下的应急救援“情 ‒ 指 ‒ 行”业务链条中,在“情”方面全域感知、通信兜底能力有待强化,在“指”方面统一协同、精准高效能力有待提高,在“行”方面任务合力、有序保障效能有待提升。进一步提出了针对性的建设思路:发展以数据驱动、智能赋能、协同高效为核心特征的现代化应急救援体系,增强应对巨灾大难的系统韧性与精准处置能力;构建“战略引领 ‒ 组织管理 ‒ 科学技术”并行且融合的应急救援数智治理体系框架,促成服务应急救援任务的治理新格局。建议强化数字化监管,提升全域感知和通信兜底保障能力;建立应急指挥中枢,提升协同研判和科学决策现代化能力;推动装备与物资保障数智化融合,强化救援行动任务效能;完善产业支撑体系,促进应急数智产业高质量发展。
Extreme disasters in China are characterized by high frequency, concurrent hazards, and chain transmission, making it urgent to develop a modern emergency rescue system. Reshaping and upgrading the modernization level of the emergency rescue system from the perspective of digital and intelligent governance has become a core issue in the construction of the emergency management system. Focusing on digital and intelligent governance for emergency rescue, this study analyzes its theoretical implications, clarifies the demand characteristics from multi-dimensional perspectives, reviews the development status in terms of full-domain perception, survivable communication, unified command, intelligent decision-making, collaborative operation, and precise allocation, and points out that it will evolve in the directions of panoramic, intelligent, precise, edge-oriented, resilient, and integrated development. The study holds that in the “intelligence‒command‒execution” chain of emergency rescue under the “three disruptions” (i.e., disruptions of roads, electricity, and Internet access) scenario, the capabilities of full-domain perception and communication guarantee need to be strengthened in the “intelligence” system; the capabilities of unified collaboration, precision, and efficiency need to be improved in the “command” system; and the efficiency of task synergy and orderly support needs to be enhanced in the “execution” system. Furthermore, targeted construction ideas are proposed: developing a modern emergency rescue system with data-driven, intelligent empowerment, and collaborative efficiency as the core features, to enhance the system’s resilience and precise disposal capacity in response to major disasters; and constructing a parallel and integrated framework of “strategic guidance‒organizational management‒science and technology” for digital and intelligent governance of emergency rescue, thereby forming a new governance paradigm that serves emergency rescue tasks. Therefore, it is suggested to strengthen digital supervision to improve the full-domain perception and communication guarantee capabilities of the emergency management system; establish an emergency command center to enhance the system’s capacities in collaborative research and scientific decision-making; promote the digital and intelligent integration of equipment and material support to strengthen the efficiency of rescue operations; and improve the industrial support system to boost the high-quality development of the emergency digital and intelligent industry.
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中国工程院咨询项目“智能化应急救援体系构建与产业发展战略研究”(2024-XZ-03)
国家社会科学基金项目(23&ZD138)
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