中国海上多场景综合能源岛发展研究
Development of Multi-Scenario Offshore Integrated Energy Islands in China
海洋强国建设与“双碳”目标的实现,迫切要求海洋能源开发向深远海与集约化转型;海上综合能源岛是破解深远海电力消纳难题、实现能源形态多元转化的有效解决方案。本文在总结国际海上综合能源岛发展模式与现状的基础上,梳理了我国的发展基础,并分析了面临的体制割裂、技术瓶颈与商业闭环缺失等挑战;基于“源 ‒ 网 ‒ 荷 ‒ 储 ‒ 用”融合理念,提出了集能源转换、互补及零碳服务于一体的综合发展模式,提出了近海共享型、中远海产业融合型及深远海离网型三类差异化路径。通过多场景技术经济测算与敏感性分析表明,三种模式的经济性随离岸距离呈现显著的非线性交替演化特征,且深远海离网型能源岛的商业可行性高度依赖绿色燃料溢价与碳市场机制的支撑。研究建议,立足海域资源禀赋,制定支撑综合能源岛发展的中长期规划,攻克面向多场景应用的高效能源转化与绿色燃料动力装备等关键核心技术,加速能源、海工与航运跨界产业链的深度融合以及绿氢、氨和醇国际认证体系建设,完善“激励政策+碳市场”双驱动的商业保障机制,以推进我国海上综合能源岛的规模化建设与高质量发展。
The strengthening of the marine sector and the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals urgently necessitates a shift in marine energy development toward deep-sea and intensive utilization. The offshore integrated energy island (OIEI) serves as an effective solution for resolving challenges in deep-sea power consumption and achieving the diversified conversion of energy forms. Based on a summary of international OIEI development models and their current status, this study reviews China's development foundation and analyzes challenges such as institutional fragmentation, technological bottlenecks, and the absence of a business closed loop. Drawing on a source‒grid‒load‒storage‒utilization integrated philosophy, the study proposes a comprehensive development model featuring energy conversion, multi-energy complementarity, and zero-carbon services. It outlines three differentiated pathways: a nearshore shared model, a mid-to-far offshore industrial fusion model, and a deep-sea off-grid model. Multi-scenario techno-economic calculations and sensitivity analysis indicate that the economic efficiencies of the three models exhibit significant nonlinear alternating evolution characteristics with increasing offshore distances, and the commercial feasibility of off-grid energy islands in the deep sea is highly dependent on the support provided by green fuel premiums and the carbon market mechanism. The study recommends leveraging marine resource endowments to formulate medium-to-long-term plans supporting OIEI development. It calls for mastering key core technologies, such as high-efficiency energy conversion and green fuel power equipment tailored for multi-scenario applications. Furthermore, the research suggests accelerating the deep cross-sector integration of energy, marine engineering, and shipping industries, as well as establishing international certification systems for green hydrogen, ammonia, and alcohols. Additionally, it proposes perfecting a commercial guarantee mechanism driven by incentive policies and carbon markets to advance the large-scale construction and high-quality development of China's OIEIs.
| [1] |
赵文智, 梁坤, 李志欣, 从能源大国到能源强国: 国际经验与中国路径 [J]. 中国工程科学, 2024, 26(4): 9‒15. |
| [2] |
Zhao W Z, Liang K, Li Z X, et al. Improve China’s strength in energy: International experience and Chinese path [J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2024, 26(4): 9‒15. |
| [3] |
王戎, 陈祉叶, 曾嘉伟, “双碳”目标下中国能源转型的战略思考 [J]. 科技导报, 2024, 42(19): 10‒19. |
| [4] |
Wang R, Chen Z Y, Zeng J W, et al. Strategic consideration of China’s energy transition under the “dual-carbon” goal [J]. Science & Technology Review, 2024, 42(19): 10‒19. |
| [5] |
薛碧颖, 陈斌, 邹亮. 我国海洋无碳能源调查与开发利用主要进展 [J]. 中国地质调查, 2021, 8(4): 53‒65. |
| [6] |
Xue B Y, Chen B, Zou L. Main progress in investigation, development and utilization of marine carbon-free energy in China [J]. Geological Survey of China, 2021, 8(4): 53‒65. |
| [7] |
袁冶. 海洋能源的利用与开发技术分析 [J]. 中国战略新兴产业, 2025 (27):76‒78. |
| [8] |
Yuan Y. Analysis of the utilization and development technology of marine energy [J]. China Strategic Emerging Industry, 2025 (27): 76‒78. |
| [9] |
刘吉臻, 马利飞, 王庆华, 海上风电支撑我国能源转型发展的思考 [J]. 中国工程科学, 2021, 23(1): 149‒159. |
| [10] |
Liu J Z, Ma L F, Wang Q H, et al. Offshore wind power supports China’s energy transition [J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2021, 23(1): 149‒159. |
| [11] |
任安凯, 谷汉斌, 王东旭, 波浪能利用研究综述 [J]. 水道港口, 2025, 46(4): 479‒488. |
| [12] |
Ren A K, Gu H B, Wang D X, et al. Review on wave energy utilization research [J]. Journal of Waterway and Harbor, 2025, 46(4): 479‒488. |
| [13] |
李岩, 冯俊杰, 卢毓欣, 大容量远海风电柔性直流送出关键技术与展望 [J]. 高电压技术, 2022, 48(9): 3384‒3393. |
| [14] |
Li Y, Feng J J, Lu Y X, et al. Key technologies and prospects of VSC-HVDC for large-capacity and long-distance offshore wind power transmission [J]. High Voltage Engineering, 2022, 48(9): 3384‒3393. |
| [15] |
IRENA. Renewable power generation costs in 2022 [EB/OL]. [2026-01-18]. https://www.irena. org/Publications/2023/Aug/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2022. |
| [16] |
王振春, 黄勇, 王年果, 波浪能转换装置控制技术的发展 [J]. 船舶工程, 2024, 46(1): 1‒8, 29. |
| [17] |
Wang Z C, Huang Y, Wang N G, et al. Development of control technology of wave energy converters [J]. Ship Engineering, 2024, 46(1): 1‒8, 29. |
| [18] |
李达, 孙涛, 易丛, 深远海浮式风电技术发展研究 [J]. 中国工程科学, 2025, 27(2): 108‒122. |
| [19] |
Li D, Sun T, Yi C, et al. Development of deep-sea floating wind power technology [J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2025, 27(2): 108‒122. |
| [20] |
吴红华, 杨欣, 李正农, 基于南海海域的深海温差能利用开发效益分析 [J]. 太阳能学报, 2024, 45(11): 536‒544. |
| [21] |
Wu H H, Yang X, Li Z N, et al. Benefit analysis of deep-sea temperature difference energy utilization based on South China Sea [J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2024, 45(11): 536‒544. |
| [22] |
张亚群, 刘敬锋, 王振鹏, 波浪能发电技术发展现状及其在海岛上的应用 [J]. 新能源进展, 2025, 13(1): 77‒83. |
| [23] |
Zhang Y Q, Liu J F, Wang Z P, et al. Development status of wave power generation technology and its application on islands [J]. Advances in New and Renewable Energy, 2025, 13(1): 77‒83. |
| [24] |
韩立民, 王娟. 我国现代海洋产业集群的发展现状、问题与优化路径 [J]. 东南学术, 2024 (5): 116‒124, 248. |
| [25] |
Han L M, Wang J. Development status, problems and optimization path of China’s modern marine industrial clusters [J]. Southeast Academic Research, 2024 (5): 116‒124, 248. |
| [26] |
尹汉军. 坚持多能融合 推动海洋经济高质量发展 [J]. 中国能源观察, 2025 (8): 30‒32. |
| [27] |
Yin H J. Insist on multi-energy integration and promote high-quality development of marine economy [J]. China Energy Observation, 2025 (8): 30‒32. |
| [28] |
孙一琳. 能源岛助海上风电点亮欧洲 [J]. 风能, 2020 (1): 72‒73. |
| [29] |
Sun Y L. Energy Island helps offshore wind power light up Europe [J]. Wind Energy, 2020 (1): 72‒73. |
| [30] |
廖圣瑄, 陈可仁. 能源岛: 深远海域海上风电破局关键 [J]. 能源, 2021 (5): 46‒49. |
| [31] |
Liao S X, Chen K R. Energy island: The key to the failure of offshore wind power in far-reaching waters [J]. Energy, 2021 (5): 46‒49. |
| [32] |
刘钟淇, 刘耀, 侯金鸣. 以深远海风电为核心的能源岛能源外送经济性分析 [J]. 中国电力, 2024, 57(9): 94‒102. |
| [33] |
Liu Z Q, Liu Y, Hou J M. Economic analysis of energy transmission for energy island based on deep-sea offshore wind farms [J]. Electric Power, 2024, 57(9): 94‒102. |
| [34] |
许传博, 李沛遥, 张文座, 面向电‒碳‒氢‒醇协同的海上综合能源岛规划 [J]. 南方能源建设, 2025, 12(3): 52‒66. |
| [35] |
Xu C B, Li P Y, Zhang W Z, et al. Planning for offshore integrated energy islands with electricity‒carbon‒hydrogen‒methanol synergy [J]. Southern Energy Construction, 2025, 12(3): 52‒66. |
| [36] |
刘恒. 以海上风电为依托建设海上能源岛的技术及经济分析 [J]. 电气时代, 2025 (1): 62‒65. |
| [37] |
Liu H. Technical and economic analysis of building offshore energy island based on offshore wind power [J]. Electric Age, 2025 (1): 62‒65. |
| [38] |
冯凌冲, 马鹏楠, 刘华清, 海上能源岛风光储氢醇项目系统容量优化配置研究 [J]. 能源工程, 2025, 45(1): 1‒9. |
| [39] |
Feng L C, Ma P N, Liu H Q, et al. Research on optimized system capacity allocation for offshore energy island‒windsolar‒hydrogen‒storage‒alcohol project [J]. Energy Engineering, 2025, 45(1): 1‒9. |
| [40] |
汪振华, 余锦涛, 章守宇, 舟山北部岛礁海域海洋牧场目标种筛选策略初探 [J]. 水产学报, 2026, 50(1): 106‒117. |
| [41] |
Wang Z H, Yu J T, Zhang S Y, et al. Preliminary exploration on target species selection strategy for marine ranching in northern Zhoushan Archipelago waters [J]. Journal of Fisheries of China, 2026, 50(1): 106‒117. |
| [42] |
陈志莉, 郑涛杰, 孙荣基, 利用海洋能进行海水淡化的研究进展 [J]. 太阳能, 2017 (6): 55‒61. |
| [43] |
Chen Z L, Zheng T J, Sun R J, et al. Research progress of seawater desalination using ocean energy [J]. Solar Energy, 2017 (6): 55‒61. |
| [44] |
丁健. 发展海上能源岛的欧洲经验与中国借鉴 [J]. 自然资源情报, 2025 (6): 101‒107. |
| [45] |
Ding J. European experience in developing offshore energy islands and China’s reference [J]. Natural Resources Information, 2025 (6): 101‒107. |
| [46] |
潘家华, 董秀成, 崔洪建, 欧洲能源危机及其影响分析 [J]. 国际经济评论, 2023 (1): 9‒37, 4. |
| [47] |
Pan J H, Dong X C, Cui H J, et al. Analysis of European energy crisis and its impact [J]. International Economic Review, 2023 (1): 9‒37, 4. |
| [48] |
张丽君, 喻锋, 戈晚晴, 欧盟第七次经济、社会和国土凝聚力报告及其启示(下) [J]. 国土资源情报, 2020 (6): 3‒10. |
| [49] |
Zhang L J, Yu F, Ge W Q, et al. Seventh report on economic, social and territorial cohesion of EU and its enlightenment (Ⅱ) [J]. Land and Resources Information, 2020 (6): 3‒10. |
| [50] |
沈钦韩. 比利时将建世界首个人工“能源岛” [N]. 文汇报, 2023-11-04(04). |
| [51] |
Shen Q H. Belgium to build the word's first artificial "energy island" [N]. Wen Hui Bao, 2023-11-04(04) |
| [52] |
刘擎波, 孙津潇. 海上风电母港规划建设关键要素研究 [J]. 中国港湾建设, 2025, 45(4): 36‒41. |
| [53] |
Liu Q B, Sun J X. Key elements of planning and construction of offshore wind power home ports [J]. China Harbour Engineering, 2025, 45(4): 36‒41. |
| [54] |
TNO. SENSE-HUB: Offshore wind and floating solar for affordable green hydrogen [EB/OL]. [2026-01-18]. https://www.tno.nl/en/sustainable/energy-supply/energy-systems-transition/sense-hub-offshore-wind-floating-solar/. |
| [55] |
Habibic A. 2.5 MW electrolyser delivered for energy hub at hollandse kust noord offshore wind farm [EB/OL]. [2026-01-18]. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2025/08/05/2-5-mw-electrolyser-delivered-for-energy-hub-at-hollandse-kust-noord-offshore-wind-farm/. |
| [56] |
傅赛, 弓丽栋, 俞华锋, 欧洲海上风电标准体系研究 [J]. 节能, 2025, 44(3): 155‒157. |
| [57] |
Fu S, Gong L D, Yu H F, et al. Research on European offshore wind power standard system [J]. Energy Conservation, 2025, 44(3): 155‒157. |
| [58] |
程遥, 李渊文, 赵民. 陆海统筹视角下的海洋空间规划: 欧盟的经验与启示 [J]. 城市规划学刊, 2019 (5): 59‒67. |
| [59] |
Cheng Y, Li Y W, Zhao M. Experience and lessons of EU marine spatial planning: The perspective of land and sea territorial integration [J]. Urban Planning Forum, 2019 (5): 59‒67. |
| [60] |
郭雨晨, 练梓菁. 波罗的海治理实践对跨界海洋空间规划的启示 [J]. 中国海洋大学学报(社会科学版), 2022 (3): 58‒67. |
| [61] |
Guo Y C, Lian Z J. The implications of governance practice in the Baltic Sea for transboundary marine spatial planning [J]. Journal of Ocean University of China (Social Sciences Edition), 2022 (3): 58‒67. |
| [62] |
Shimizu. The environmental Island, green float [EB/OL]. [2026-01-18]. https://www.shimz.co.jp/en/topics/dream/content03/. |
| [63] |
李晨曦, 伍浩松. 日发布新版绿色增长战略 [J]. 国外核新闻, 2021 (7): 4. |
| [64] |
Li C X, Wu H S. A new version of the green growth strategy was released on June 20 [J]. Foreign Nuclear News, 2021 (7): 4. |
| [65] |
悦子中島, 篤彦磯辺, 他加古真一郎. 漂着プラスチックごみ由来の重金属による海岸汚染の定量評価: 長崎県五島市大串海岸における研究 (特集 海洋プラスチック汚染と生物影響)[J]. 海洋と生物, 2014, 36(6): 588‒595. |
| [66] |
张怡, 郭美莹, 兰天媛, 韩国推行绿色新政的分析与思考 [J]. 吉林金融研究, 2021 (3): 46‒49, 75. |
| [67] |
Zhang Y, Guo M Y, Lan T Y, et al. Analysis and reflection on the implementation of green new deal in South Korea [J]. Journal of Jilin Financial Research, 2021 (3): 46‒49, 75. |
| [68] |
大宇造船“风” 口淘金抢抓海上风电园区建设 [EB/OL]. (2021-03-08)[2026-01-18]. https://www.eworldship.com/html/2021/Shipyards_0308/168725.html. |
| [69] |
Daewoo shipbuilding “wind” mouth gold panning to seize the construction of offshore wind power park [EB/OL]. (2021-03-08)[2026-01-18]. https://www.eworldship.com/html/2021/Shipyards_0308/168725.html. |
| [70] |
IRENA. Renewable energy power capacity report [EB/OL]. [2026-01-18]. https://www.irena.org/Data/View-data-by-topic/Capacity-and-Generation/Country-Rankings. |
| [71] |
万光芬, 魏澈, 邱银锋, 大容量海上风电接入海上油田群微电网暂态稳定性研究——以“海油观澜号” 接入文昌油田群电网工程为例 [J]. 中国海上油气, 2025, 37(1): 211‒220. |
| [72] |
Wan G F, Wei C, Qiu Y F, et al. Transient stability of large-capacity offshore wind power connected to offshore oilfield microgrids: Taking the connection project of “CNOOC Guanlan” to the Wenchang Oilfield power grid as an example [J]. China Offshore Oil and Gas, 2025, 37(1): 211‒220. |
| [73] |
关宗. 全球首个海水直接制氢技术中试成功 [J]. 中国石油和化工产业观察, 2023 (4): 54. |
| [74] |
Guan Z. The world’s first direct hydrogen production technology from seawater was successfully piloted [J]. China Petrochemical Industry Observer, 2023 (4): 54. |
| [75] |
陆成宽. “国能共享号”开启鱼、电融合发展模式[N]. 科技日报, 2023-10-24(05). |
| [76] |
Lu C K. “Guoneng sharing” opens the development model of fish and electricity integration [N]. Science and Technology Daily, 2023-10-24(05). |
| [77] |
低碳技术“登陆”海上能源岛 [J]. 浙江化工, 2024, 55(8): 11. |
| [78] |
Low-carbon technology “landed” on the offshore energy island [J]. Zhejiang Chemical Industry, 2024, 55(8): 11. |
| [79] |
蔡晓晴, 陈灵君, 严文凯, 基于海洋清洁能源消纳的海上能源岛建设研究 [J]. 价值工程, 2025, 44(9): 154‒156. |
| [80] |
Cai X Q, Chen L J, Yan W K, et al. Research on the construction of offshore energy islands based on ocean clean energy consumption [J]. Value Engineering, 2025, 44(9): 154‒156. |
| [81] |
李亚杰, 闫中杰, 刘扬, 海上风电与海洋养殖融合发展现状与展望 [J]. 船舶工程, 2023, 45(S1): 166‒170. |
| [82] |
Li Y J, Yan Z J, Liu Y, et al. Integration of offshore wind power and marine aquaculture [J]. Ship Engineering, 2023, 45(S1): 166‒170. |
| [83] |
郑彤, 余潜跃, 田雪沁, 计及管道输氢成本的绿色甲烷生产单元技术经济性评估 [J]. 东南大学学报(自然科学版), 2025, 55(3): 798‒808. |
| [84] |
Zheng T, Yu Q Y, Tian X Q, et al. Techno-economic evaluation of green methane production units considering the cost of hydrogen pipeline transportation [J]. Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), 2025, 55(3): 798‒808. |
| [85] |
沈琦, 刘超, 李欧萍, 基于海上风电的陆上制氢及衍生物制备技术经济分析 [J]. 海洋工程装备与技术, 2025, 12(3): 94‒101. |
| [86] |
Shen Q, Liu C, Li O P, et al. Economic analysis of green hydrogen and its derivatives production technology based on offshore wind power [J]. Ocean Engineering Equipment and Technology, 2025, 12(3): 94‒101. |
| [87] |
彭子奇, 郭雨晨, 曹深西, 多用途用海发展与管理研究 [J]. 自然资源情报, 2024 (6): 36‒42. |
| [88] |
Peng Z Q, Guo Y C, Cao S X, et al. Research on the development and management of multi-purpose sea use [J]. Natural Resources Information, 2024 (6): 36‒42. |
中国工程院咨询项目“海上能源一体化协同开发战略研究”(2025-HZ-30)
/
| 〈 |
|
〉 |