低空无人机反制关键技术发展研究
Development of Counter-UAS Technologies in Low-Altitude Airspace
随着低空经济的快速发展和无人机技术的不断普及,低空安全问题日益突出。具备“低慢小”特征的无人机,若在敏感区域非法使用,将对公共安全、航空秩序乃至国家安全构成严重威胁。因此,发展高效、可靠的低空无人机反制技术,已成为保障低空经济健康有序发展的关键支撑。本文系统研究了低空无人机反制关键技术体系与发展现状。首先,梳理了以雷达、射频信号监测、光电识别和声学探测为代表的非协作式空域监视技术,分析了各类感知手段的原理、优势与局限性,并探讨了通过多传感器信息融合技术提升感知能力的研究现状。其次,从信息物理系统视角出发,综合评述了物理层(激光、微波、网捕、高速撞击)与信息层(通信干扰、导航诱骗、声波干扰)等反制手段的技术特点和应用挑战。研究表明,当前低空无人机反制技术在感知与处置层面尚存在多种挑战。为应对这些挑战,本文从技术发展角度提出建议:包括感知技术与场景适配、低空监视设备网络化布设试点、优化反制手段组合、深化反制机理研究、反制过程风险管控、多平台协同等方面。旨在通过对低空无人机反制关键技术的系统性梳理与分析,为相关技术的创新发展提供参考,助力构建安全、可靠、高效的低空安防体系,从而保障低空经济的持续健康发展。
With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy and the increasing proliferation of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) technologies,low-altitude security issues have become increasingly prominent. UAS possessing low, slow, and small characteristics, if used illegally in sensitive areas, will pose a severe threat to public safety, aviation order, and even national security. Therefore, developing efficient and reliable low-altitude counter-UAS technologies has become a critical support for ensuring the healthy development of the low-altitude economy. This study reviews the development status of counter-UAS technologies. It first sorts out non-cooperative airspace surveillance technologies, including radar, radio frequency signal monitoring, optic identification, and acoustic detection, summarizing the principles, advantages, and limitations of various sensing methods. Moreover, it explores the current research status of enhancing sensing capabilities through multi-sensor information fusion. Subsequently, from the perspective of cyber-physical systems, the study evaluates the technical characteristics and application challenges of counter-UAS measures at both a physical layer (e.g., lasers, microwaves, net capture, drone collision) and a cyber layer (e.g., communication jamming, GNSS spoofing, acoustic interference). The study indicates that current low-altitude counter-UAS technologies still face challenges in terms of detection and response. To address these challenges, this study proposes recommendations from a technological development perspective, including the adaption of sensing technologies to specific scenarios, pilot deployment of networked low-altitude surveillance equipment, optimization of counter-UAS measure combinations, in-depth research on counter-UAS mechanisms, risk management during counter-UAS operations, and multi-platform collaboration. This study aims to provide a reference for the development of low-altitude counter-UAS technologies through a systematic review, thereby contributing to the establishment of a safe, reliable, and efficient low-altitude security system and ensuring the sustained development of the low-altitude economy.
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