在航空碳减排引发各国广泛关注、航空运输业低碳化发展渐成趋势的背景下，突出氢能“高效、清洁、可持续”，可作为未来航空器最佳能源载体的特征，拓展氢能飞机研制与应用，具有重大的价值和广阔的前景。本文结合航空领域“双碳”目标研判了氢能飞机的发展背景，系统梳理了国外氢能飞机的前沿规划、我国氢能飞机总体研究及飞行试验的最新进展；详细分析了氢能飞机研制与应用关键技术体系，涵盖氢能飞机总体设计、液态储氢罐、氢燃料电池、氢燃料涡轮发动机、氢燃料航空内燃机、氢能飞机安全与适航技术、氢燃料加注基础设施。着眼未来氢能飞机的产业化发展需求，针对通勤 / 短氢能飞机构建了相应的总拥有成本（TCO）模型，测算结果表明 2045年前后通勤 / 短程氢能飞机将与纯电动飞机、燃油飞机的 TCO基本持平。进一步提出了采取多技术路线同步发展、坚持动力先行、科学有序地开展研发、推进适航标准体系建设等发展建议，以期为航空科技革新、航空运输业高质量发展等研究提供参考。

The hydrogen energy serves as the best energy source for future aircraft owing to its efficiency, cleanness, and sustainability. In the context of widespread attention paid to aviation carbon reduction and the trend of low-carbon development of the aviation transportation industry, it is of great value to promote the development and application of hydrogen-powered aircraft. This study analyzes the development background of hydrogen-powered aircraft considering the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals for the aviation industry, and reviews the cutting-edge planning of hydrogen-powered aircraft in other countries as well as the latest progress in overall research and flight testing of hydrogen-powered aircraft in China. A detailed analysis is conducted on the key technology system for the development and application of hydrogen-powered aircraft, covering the overall design, liquid hydrogen storage tanks, hydrogen fuel cells, hydrogen-fueled turbine engines, hydrogen-fueled aviation internal combustion engines, safety and airworthiness technologies, and hydrogen refueling infrastructure. Focusing on the industrial application needs of future hydrogen-powered aircraft, corresponding total cost of ownership (TCO) models are constructed for commuting/short-range hydrogen-powered aircraft. The calculation results indicate that the TCO of commuting/short-range hydrogen-powered aircraft will be on par with that of pure electric aircraft and fuel-powered aircraft around 2045. Further suggestions are proposed, including adhering to the synchronous development of multiple technological routes, prioritizing the development of power systems, conducting scientific and orderly research and development, and promoting the construction of airworthiness standards systems, thus to provide a basic reference for research on aviation technology innovation and high-quality development of the aviation transportation industry.