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High pressure air spray assistant power supply control strategies and their effects on diesel engine under transient operations

HAN Yongqiang, LIU Zhongchang, WANG Zhongshu, ZHU Ruoqun

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第3期   页码 295-299 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0042-6

摘要： In order to reduce smoke from direct-injection (DI) turbo-charged and after-cooled (TCA) diesel engines under transient operations, the real-time controlling and measuring system of a high pressure air spray assistant power supply (HPAS) was developed. Effects of HPAS on a DI TCA diesel engine under constant engine speed and increased torque (CSIT) transient operations were studied by using different control strategies. Pre-spray (PS) strategy, which means supplying highly pressurized air into the exhaust manifold two seconds before the accelerating-graph begins to rise and stopping spraying air when the accelerating-graph stops rising. Two other strategies—full-time-spray (FTS) and middle-time-spray (MTS)—were used to fully exploit HPAS potential. With the FTS and MTS strategies, the HPAS system can remarkably decrease smoke from DI TCA diesel engines under transient operations.

关键词： different     after-cooled     real-time controlling     CSIT     supply    

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Dynamic simulation of a space gas-cooled reactor power system with a closed Brayton cycle

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期   页码 916-929 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0757-9

摘要： Space nuclear reactor power (SNRP) using a gas-cooled reactor (GCR) and a closed Brayton cycle (CBC) is the ideal choice for future high-power space missions. To investigate the safety characteristics and develop the control strategies for gas-cooled SNRP, transient models for GCR, energy conversion unit, pipes, heat exchangers, pump and heat pipe radiator are established and a system analysis code is developed in this paper. Then, analyses of several operation conditions are performed using this code. In full-power steady-state operation, the core hot spot of 1293 K occurs near the upper part of the core. If 0.4 $ reactivity is introduced into the core, the maximum temperature that the fuel can reach is 2059 K, which is 914 K lower than the fuel melting point. The system finally has the ability to achieve a new steady-state with a higher reactor power. When the GCR is shut down in an emergency, the residual heat of the reactor can be removed through the conduction of the core and radiation heat transfer. The results indicate that the designed GCR is inherently safe owing to its negative reactivity feedback and passive decay heat removal. This paper may provide valuable references for safety design and analysis of the gas-cooled SNRP coupled with CBC.

关键词： gas-cooled space nuclear reactor power     closed Brayton cycle     system startup and shutdown     positive reactivity insertion accident    

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Corrosion mechanisms of candidate structural materials for supercritical water-cooled reactor

Lefu ZHANG, Fawen ZHU, Rui TANG

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第2期   页码 233-240 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0024-y

摘要： Nickel-based alloys, austenitic stainless steel, ferritic/martensitic heat-resistant steels, and oxide dispersion strengthened steel are presently considered to be the candidate structural or fuel-cladding materials for supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR), one of the promising generation IV reactor for large-scale electric power production. However, corrosion and stress corrosion cracking of these candidate alloys still remain to be a major problem in the selection of nuclear fuel cladding and other structural materials, such as water rod. Survey of literature and experimental results reveal that the general corrosion mechanism of those candidate materials exhibits quite complicated mechanism in high-temperature and high-pressure supercritical water. Formation of a stable protective oxide film is the key to the best corrosion-resistant alloys. This paper focuses on the mechanism of corrosion oxide film breakdown for SCWR candidate materials.

关键词： supercritical water-cooled reactor     general corrosion     oxide film     corrosion mechanism    

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Preliminary design of an SCO conversion system applied to the sodium cooled fast reactor

《能源前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期   页码 832-841 doi: 10.1007/s11708-021-0777-5

摘要： The supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) Brayton cycle has become an ideal power conversion system for sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFR) due to its high efficiency, compactness, and avoidance of sodium-water reaction. In this paper, the 1200 MWe large pool SFR (CFR1200) is used as the heat source of the system, and the sodium circuit temperature and the heat load are the operating boundaries of the cycle system. The performance of different SCO2 Brayton cycle systems and changes in key equipment performance are compared. The study indicates that the inter-stage cooling and recompression cycle has the best match with the heat source characte-ristics of the SFR, and the cycle efficiency is the highest (40.7%). Then, based on the developed system transient analysis program (FR-Sdaso), a pool-type SFR power plant system analysis model based on the inter-stage cooling and recompression cycle is established. In addition, the matching between the inter-stage cooling recompression cycle and the SFR during the load cycle of the power plant is studied. The analysis shows that when the nuclear island adopts the flow-advanced operation strategy and the carbon dioxide flowrate in the SCO2 power conversion system is adjusted with the goal of maintaining the sodium-carbon dioxide heat exchanger sodium side outlet temperature unchanged, the inter-stage cooling recompression cycle can match the operation of the SFR very well.

关键词： sodium-cooled fast reactor (SFR)     supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2)     brayton cycle     load cycle    

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Studies on advanced water-cooled reactors beyond generation III for power generation

CHENG Xu

《能源前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第2期   页码 141-149 doi: 10.1007/s11708-007-0018-6

摘要： China s ambitious nuclear power program motivates the country s nuclear community to develop advanced reactor concepts beyond generation III to ensure a long-term, stable, and sustainable development of nuclear power. The paper discusses some main criteria for the selection of future water-cooled reactors by considering the specific Chinese situation. Based on the suggested selection criteria, two new types of water-cooled reactors are recommended for future Chinese nuclear power generation. The high conversion pressurized water reactor utilizes the present PWR technology to a large extent. With a conversion ratio of about 0.95, the fuel utilization is increased about 5 times. This significantly improves the sustainability of fuel resources. The supercritical water-cooled reactor has favorable features in economics, sustainability and technology availability. It is a logical extension of the generation III PWR technology in China. The status of international R&D work is reviewed. A new supercritical water-cooled reactor (SCWR) core structure (the mixed reactor core) and a new fuel assembly design (two-rows FA) are proposed. The preliminary analysis using a coupled neutron-physics/thermal-hydraulics method is carried out. It shows good feasibility for the new design proposal.

关键词： Chinese situation     selection     generation     water-cooled     feasibility    

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Feasibility analysis of modified AL-6XN steel for structure component application in supercritical water-cooled

Xinggang LI, Qingzhi YAN, Rong MA, Haoqiang WANG, Changchun GE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第2期   页码 193-197 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0030-0

摘要： Modified AL-6XN austenite steel was patterned after AL-6XN superaustenitic stainless steel by introducing microalloy elements such as zirconium and titanium in order to adapt to recrystallizing thermo-mechanical treatment and further improve crevice corrosion resistance. Modified AL-6XN exhibited comparable tensile strength, and superior plasticity and impact toughness to commercial AL-6XN steel. The effects of aging behavior on corrosion resistance and impact toughness were measured to evaluate the qualification of modified AL-6XN steel as an in-core component and cladding material in a supercritical water-cooled reactor. Attention should be paid to degradation in corrosion resistance and impact toughness after aging for 50 hours when modified AL-6XN steel is considered as one of the candidate materials for in-core components and cladding tubes in supercritical water-cooled reactors.

关键词： supercritical water cooled reactor     tensile     impact toughness     corrosion     aging    

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Outcomes of patients awaiting lung transplantation after the implementation of donation after brain death

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第5期   页码 760-765 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0899-5

摘要： Voluntary contribution has become the only source of donor lungs in China since 2015. To elaborate the outcomes of patients awaiting lung transplantation (LTx) after the implementation of donation after brain death, we performed a retrospective study that encompassed 205 patients with end-stage lung disease who registered for LTx at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital from January 1, 2015 to January 1, 2021. A total of 180 patients were enrolled in the study. The median waiting time was 1.25 months. Interstitial lung disease (ILD) (103/180, 57.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (56/180, 31.1%) were the most common diseases in our study population. The mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) of patients in the died-waiting group was higher than that of the survivors (53.29±21.71 mmHg vs. 42.11±18.58 mmHg, P=0.002). The mortality of patients with ILD (34/103, 33.00%) was nearly twice that of patients with COPD (10/56, 17.86%) while awaiting LTx (P=0.041). In the died-waiting group, patients with ILD had a shorter median waiting time than patients with COPD after being listed (0.865 months vs. 4.720 months, P=0.030). ILD as primary disease and mPAP > 35 mmHg were two significant independent risk factors for waitlist mortality, with hazard ratios (HR) of 3.483 (95% CI 1.311–9.111; P=0.011) and 3.500 (95% CI 1.435–8.536; P=0.006). Hence, LTx is more urgently needed in patients with ILD and pulmonary hypertension.

关键词： lung transplantation     donation after brain death     waitlist    

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A novel cryogenic insulation system of hollow glass microspheres and self-evaporation vapor-cooled shield

Jianpeng ZHENG, Liubiao CHEN, Ping WANG, Jingjie ZHANG, Junjie WANG, Yuan ZHOU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第3期   页码 570-577 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0642-y

摘要： Liquid hydrogen (LH ) attracts widespread attention because of its highest energy storage density. However, evaporation loss is a serious problem in LH storage due to the low boiling point (20 K). Efficient insulation technology is an important issue in the study of LH storage. Hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) is a potential promising thermal insulation material because of its low apparent thermal conductivity, fast installation (Compared with multi-layer insulation, it can be injected in a short time.), and easy maintenance. A novel cryogenic insulation system consisting of HGMs and a self-evaporating vapor-cooled shield (VCS) is proposed for storage of LH . A thermodynamic model has been established to analyze the coupled heat transfer characteristics of HGMs and VCS in the composite insulation system. The results show that the combination of HGMs and VCS can effectively reduce heat flux into the LH tank. With the increase of VCS number from 1 to 3, the minimum heat flux through HGMs decreases by 57.36%, 65.29%, and 68.21%, respectively. Another significant advantage of HGMs is that their thermal insulation properties are not sensitive to ambient vacuum change. When ambient vacuum rises from 10 Pa to 1 Pa, the heat flux into the LH tank increases by approximately 20%. When the vacuum rises from 10 Pa to 100 Pa, the combination of VCS and HGMs reduces the heat flux into the tank by 58.08%–69.84% compared with pure HGMs.

关键词： liquid hydrogen storage     hollow glass microspheres (HGMs)     self-evaporation vapor-cooled shield (VCS)     thermodynamic optimization    

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acting carmustine loaded natural extracellular matrix hydrogel for inhibition of glioblastoma recurrence after

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第4期   页码 536-545 doi: 10.1007/s11705-021-2067-5

摘要： Many scientific efforts have been made to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and target glioblastoma cells, but the outcomes have been limited. More attention should be given to local inhibition of recurrence after glioblastoma resection to meet real medical needs. A biodegradable wafer containing the chemotherapeutics carmustine (1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, BCNU) was the only local drug delivery system approved for clinical glioblastoma treatment, but with a prolonged survival time of only two months and frequent side effects. In this study, to improve the sustained release and prolonged therapeutic effect of drugs for inhibiting tumor recurrence after tumor resection, both free BCNU and BCNU- poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (the ratio of lactic acid groups to glycolic acid groups is 75/25) nanoparticles were simultaneously loaded into natural extracellular matrix hydrogel from pigskin to prepare BCNU gels. The hydrogel was injected into the resection cavity of a glioblastoma tumor immediately after tumor removal in a fully characterized resection rat model. Free drugs were released instantly to kill the residual tumor cells, while drugs in nanoparticles were continuously released to achieve a continuous and effective inhibition of the residual tumor cells for 30 days. These combined actions effectively restricted tumor growth in rats. Thus, this strategy of local drug implantation and delivery may provide a reliable method to inhibit the recurrence of glioblastoma after tumor resection in vivo.

关键词： BCNU     glioblastoma recurrence     tumor resection     nanoparticles     hydrogel    

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Monocyte subsets and their differentiation tendency after burn injury

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第4期   页码 397-400 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0298-7

摘要：

Monocytes are critical effectors and regulators of immune response. Studying the nomenclature of monocyte subsets may be beneficial for understanding the complex function of monocytes in steady and inflammatory states. A monocyte has the potential to differentiate into dendritic cells or macrophages, and this behavior significantly changes in severely burned patients and mice. The findings in the present study may help enhance understanding on the perturbation of the immune system after severe burn injury.

关键词： monocyte     differentiation     burn    

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我国高温气冷堆发展战略研究

张作义,吴宗鑫,王大中,童节娟

《中国工程科学》 2019年 第21卷 第1期   页码 12-19 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.003

摘要：

高温气冷堆和在此基础上发展起来的超高温气冷堆是第四代核能系统研发重点的6种堆型之一。本文介绍了高温气冷堆的特点，对高温气冷堆技术在国内外的最新研发进展进行了简要综述，对高温气冷堆的发展定位等问题进行了讨论。在此基础上对我国高温气冷堆发展路线进行了展望。我国高温气冷堆技术历经跟踪、跨越和自主创新，目前在商业规模模块式高温气冷堆核电站技术上处于世界领先地位。在此基础上，我国正在启动部署后续60万千瓦级模块式高温气冷堆核电机组的研发和配套关键技术的攻关工作，以进一步推动高温气冷堆技术的产业化，保持我国在该领域的国际领先优势。

关键词： 高温气冷堆     高温     技术路线    

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中国高温气冷堆制氢发展战略研究

张平,徐景明,石磊,张作义

《中国工程科学》 2019年 第21卷 第1期   页码 20-28 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.004

摘要：

核能制氢是一种有应用前景的高效、大规模、无排放的制氢技术，有望在氢气大规模集中供应的场景中起到重要作用。高温气冷堆是最适于核能制氢的堆型，在我国已有几十年的研发基础，目前正在国家科技重大专项支持下建造高温气冷堆示范电站。本文介绍了核能制氢技术的特点和主流的核能制氢工艺包括热化学碘硫循环、混合硫循环和高温蒸汽电解的原理，对国际上核能制氢技术发展现状进行了简要综述，并概述了清华大学在该领域的研发现状。此外对核能制氢的安全性、技术经济评价等问题进行了讨论，在此基础上对与高温气冷堆耦合的制氢技术进行了评价，并以氢气直接还原炼铁为例探讨了高温气冷堆制氢在工业领域的应用前景。最后对我国高温气冷堆制氢技术的发展路线进行了探讨。

关键词： 高温气冷堆     能制氢     热化学循环     高温电解     技术路线    

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Quantitative proteomics revealed extensive microenvironmental changes after stem cell transplantation

《医学前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第3期   页码 429-441 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0842-9

摘要： The local microenvironment is essential to stem cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke, and spatiotemporal changes of the microenvironment in the pathological process provide vital clues for understanding the therapeutic mechanisms. However, relevant studies on microenvironmental changes were mainly confined in the acute phase of stroke, and long-term changes remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the microenvironmental changes in the subacute and chronic phases of ischemic stroke after stem cell transplantation. Herein, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) were transplanted into the ischemic brain established by middle cerebral artery occlusion surgery. Positron emission tomography imaging and neurological tests were applied to evaluate the metabolic and neurofunctional alterations of rats transplanted with stem cells. Quantitative proteomics was employed to investigate the protein expression profiles in iPSCs-transplanted brain in the subacute and chronic phases of stroke. Compared with NSCs-transplanted rats, significantly increased glucose metabolism and neurofunctional scores were observed in iPSCs-transplanted rats. Subsequent proteomic data of iPSCs-transplanted rats identified a total of 39 differentially expressed proteins in the subacute and chronic phases, which are involved in various ischemic stroke-related biological processes, including neuronal survival, axonal remodeling, antioxidative stress, and mitochondrial function restoration. Taken together, our study indicated that iPSCs have a positive therapeutic effect in ischemic stroke and emphasized the wide-ranging microenvironmental changes in the subacute and chronic phases.

关键词： ischemic stroke     microenvironment     induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)     positron emission tomography (PET)     quantitative proteomics    

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Persistence of humoral and cellular immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection: opportunities and challenges

Tangchun Wu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2020年 第14卷 第6期   页码 816-819 doi: 10.1007/s11684-020-0823-4

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山东石岛湾200 MWe 球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM) 核电站示范工程 Review

张作义, 董玉杰, 李富, 张征明, 王海涛, 黄晓津, 李红, 刘兵, 吴莘馨, 王宏, 刁兴中, 张海泉, 王金华

《工程（英文）》 2016年 第2卷 第1期   页码 112-118 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.020

摘要：

世界首台球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM) 核电站示范工程于2012 年12 月9日在中国山东省荣成市石岛湾厂区完成第一罐混凝土的浇筑，2015年6月完成反应堆厂房建设，然后进入设备安装阶段。目前正在向着在2017年年底实现并网发电的目标顺利推进。1个HTR-PM反应堆模块的热功 率是250 MWth，反应堆堆芯氦气的进出口温度分别是250 °C 和750 °C。蒸汽发生器出口的蒸汽参数是13.25 MPa/567 °C。2个球床反应堆模块连接1台蒸汽轮机，形成一座210 MWe的核电站。项目团队克服了巨大困难，利用中国现有的工业制造技术研制出世界首台设备，实现了一系列重大技术创新。在研发的规划和实施、工业合作伙伴关系的建立、主设备制造、燃料生产、安全审查、站址选择以及安全性和经济性的平衡等方面取得了令人欣慰的进展，为世界同行积累了可以借鉴的经验。

关键词： 核能     高温气冷堆     球床     模块式高温气冷堆     球床模块式高温气冷堆    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

High pressure air spray assistant power supply control strategies and their effects on diesel engine under transient operations

HAN Yongqiang, LIU Zhongchang, WANG Zhongshu, ZHU Ruoqun

期刊论文

Dynamic simulation of a space gas-cooled reactor power system with a closed Brayton cycle

期刊论文

Corrosion mechanisms of candidate structural materials for supercritical water-cooled reactor

Lefu ZHANG, Fawen ZHU, Rui TANG

期刊论文

Preliminary design of an SCO conversion system applied to the sodium cooled fast reactor

期刊论文

Studies on advanced water-cooled reactors beyond generation III for power generation

CHENG Xu

期刊论文

Feasibility analysis of modified AL-6XN steel for structure component application in supercritical water-cooled

Xinggang LI, Qingzhi YAN, Rong MA, Haoqiang WANG, Changchun GE

期刊论文

Outcomes of patients awaiting lung transplantation after the implementation of donation after brain death

期刊论文

A novel cryogenic insulation system of hollow glass microspheres and self-evaporation vapor-cooled shield

Jianpeng ZHENG, Liubiao CHEN, Ping WANG, Jingjie ZHANG, Junjie WANG, Yuan ZHOU

期刊论文

acting carmustine loaded natural extracellular matrix hydrogel for inhibition of glioblastoma recurrence after

期刊论文

Monocyte subsets and their differentiation tendency after burn injury

null

期刊论文

我国高温气冷堆发展战略研究

张作义,吴宗鑫,王大中,童节娟

期刊论文

中国高温气冷堆制氢发展战略研究

张平,徐景明,石磊,张作义

期刊论文

Quantitative proteomics revealed extensive microenvironmental changes after stem cell transplantation

期刊论文

Persistence of humoral and cellular immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection: opportunities and challenges

Tangchun Wu

期刊论文

山东石岛湾200 MWe 球床模块式高温气冷堆(HTR-PM) 核电站示范工程

张作义, 董玉杰, 李富, 张征明, 王海涛, 黄晓津, 李红, 刘兵, 吴莘馨, 王宏, 刁兴中, 张海泉, 王金华

期刊论文