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Deep 3D reconstruction: methods, data, and challenges Review Article

Caixia Liu, Dehui Kong, Shaofan Wang, Zhiyong Wang, Jinghua Li, Baocai Yin,lcxxib@emails.bjut.edu.cn,wangshaofan@bjut.edu.cn

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2021, Volume 22, Issue 5,   Pages 615-766 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2000068

Abstract: Three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction of shapes is an important research topic in the fields of computer vision, computer graphics, pattern recognition, and virtual reality. Existing 3D reconstruction methods usually suffer from two bottlenecks: (1) they involve multiple manually designed states which can lead to cumulative errors, but can hardly learn semantic features of 3D shapes automatically; (2) they depend heavily on the content and quality of images, as well as precisely calibrated cameras. As a result, it is difficult to improve the reconstruction accuracy of those methods. 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning overcome both of these bottlenecks by automatically learning semantic features of 3D shapes from low-quality images using deep networks. However, while these methods have various architectures, in-depth analysis and comparisons of them are unavailable so far. We present a comprehensive survey of 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning. First, based on different deep learning model architectures, we divide 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning into four types, , , , and based methods, and analyze the corresponding methodologies carefully. Second, we investigate four representative databases that are commonly used by the above methods in detail. Third, we give a comprehensive comparison of 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning, which consists of the results of different methods with respect to the same database, the results of each method with respect to different databases, and the robustness of each method with respect to the number of views. Finally, we discuss future development of 3D reconstruction methods based on deep learning.

Keywords： 深度学习模型；三维重建；循环神经网络；深度自编码器；生成对抗网络；卷积神经网络    

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On 3Dface reconstruction via cascaded regression in shape space Article

Feng LIU, Dan ZENG, Jing LI, Qi-jun ZHAO

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 12,   Pages 1978-1990 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1700253

Abstract: Cascaded regression has been recently applied to reconstruct 3D faces from single 2D images directly in shape space, and has achieved state-of-the-art performance. We investigate thoroughly such cascaded regression based 3D face reconstruction approaches from four perspectives that are not well been studied: (1) the impact of the number of 2D landmarks; (2) the impact of the number of 3D vertices; (3) the way of using standalone automated landmark detection methods; (4) the convergence property. To answer these questions, a simplified cascaded regression based 3D face reconstruction method is devised. This can be integrated with standalone automated landmark detection methods and reconstruct 3D face shapes that have the same pose and expression as the input face images, rather than normalized pose and expression. An effective training method is also proposed by disturbing the automatically detected landmarks. Comprehensive evaluation experiments have been carried out to compare to other 3D face reconstruction methods. The results not only deepen the understanding of cascaded regression based 3D face reconstruction approaches, but also prove the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Keywords： 3D face reconstruction     Cascaded regressor     Shape space     Real-time    

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Three-dimensional shape space learning for visual concept construction: challenges and research progress Perspective

Xin TONG

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 9,   Pages 1290-1297 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200318

Abstract: Human beings can easily categorize three-dimensional (3D) objects with similar shapes and functions into a set of “visual concepts” and learn “visual knowledge” of the surrounding 3D real world (). Developing efficient methods to learn the computational representation of the visual concept and the visual knowledge is a critical task in artificial intelligence (). A crucial step to this end is to learn the shape space spanned by all 3D objects that belong to one visual concept. In this paper, we present the key technical challenges and recent research progress in 3D shape space learning and discuss the open problems and research opportunities in this area.

Keywords： 视觉概念；视觉知识；三维几何学习；三维形状空间；三维结构    

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Visual recognition of cardiac pathology based on 3D parametric model reconstruction Research Article

Jinxiao XIAO, Yansong LI, Yun TIAN, Dongrong XU, Penghui LI, Shifeng ZHAO, Yunhe PAN

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2022, Volume 23, Issue 9,   Pages 1324-1337 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200102

Abstract: Visual recognition of cardiac images is important for and treatment. Due to the limited availability of annotated datasets, traditional methods usually extract features directly from two-dimensional slices of three-dimensional (3D) heart images, followed by pathological classification. This process may not ensure the overall anatomical consistency in 3D heart. A new method for classification of cardiac pathology is therefore proposed based on reconstruction. First, 3D heart models are reconstructed based on multiple 3D volumes of cardiac imaging data at the end-systole (ES) and end-diastole (ED) phases. Next, based on these reconstructed 3D hearts, s are constructed through the statistical shape model (SSM), and then the heart data are augmented via the variation in shape parameters of one with visual knowledge constraints. Finally, shape and motion features of 3D heart models across two phases are extracted to classify cardiac pathology. Comprehensive experiments on the automated cardiac diagnosis challenge (ACDC) dataset of the Statistical Atlases and Computational Modelling of the Heart (STACOM) workshop confirm the superior performance and efficiency of this proposed approach.

Keywords： 3D visual knowledge     3D parametric model     Cardiac pathology diagnosis     Data augmentation    

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The Development of 3D Atomic Force Microscopy with Magnetically Driven-orthogonal Cantilever Probes Article

Hao Zhang, Junyuan Geng, Haibo Gao, Weibin Rong, Hui Xie

Engineering 2023, Volume 24, Issue 5,   Pages 84-93 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.010

Abstract:

This paper presents a three-dimensional (3D)-atomic force microscopy (AFM) method based on magnetically driven (MD)-orthogonal cantilever probes (OCPs), in which two independent scanners with three degrees of freedom are used to achieve the vector tracking of a sample surface with a controllable angle. A rotating stage is integrated into the compact AFM system, which helps to achieve 360° omnidirectional imaging. The specially designed MD-OCP includes a horizontal cantilever, a vertical cantilever, and a magnetic bead that can be used for the mechanical drive in a magnetic field. The vertical cantilever, which has a protruding tip, can detect deep grooves and undercut structures. The design, simulation, fabrication, and performance analysis of the MD-OCP are described first. Then, the amplitude compensation and home positioning for 360° rotation are introduced. A comparative experiment using an AFM step grating verifies the ability of the proposed method to characterize steep sidewalls and corner details, with a 3D topography reconstruction method being used to integrate the images. The effectiveness of the proposed 3D-AFM based on the MD-OCP is further confirmed by the 3D characterization of a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) device with microcomb structures. Finally, this technique is applied to determine the critical dimensions (CDs) of a microarray chip. The experimental results regarding the CD parameters show that, in comparison with 2D technology, from which it is difficult to obtain sidewall information, the proposed method can obtain CD information for 3D structures with high precision and thus has excellent potential for 3D micro–nano manufacturing inspection.

Keywords： 3D-AFM     MD-OCP     Critical dimensions (CDs)     360° Characterization     3D topography reconstruction    

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3D geology-hydrotechnics cooperative design system of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering

Li Mingchao,Zhong Denghua,Wang Zhongyao,LiuJie

Strategic Study of CAE 2010, Volume 12, Issue 1,   Pages 43-47

Abstract:

Based on 3D geological modeling technique, rapid modeling technique of hydraulic structures, and computer supported collaborative design technique, the 3D geology-hydrotechnics cooperative design system of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering is implemented by the object- oriented method. The system includes four modules: 3D geological modeling, hydraulic structure modeling, engineering-geological analysis and design, and database management. The modeling modules offer the analysis-design module different kinds of 3D models. Then, comprehensive analyses and cooperative works among different specialities can be realized, such as 3D slitting analysis, treatment analysis of fundamental surfaces, arrangement analysis of underground structures, slope cutting analysis. It can offer technical supports to 3D design of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering.

Keywords： cooperative design     3D geological modeling     3D hydrotechnics design     visualization    

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A virtual 3D interactive painting method for Chinese calligraphy and painting based on real-time force feedback technology Article

Chao GUO, Zeng-xuan HOU, You-zhi SHI, Jun XU, Dan-dan YU

Frontiers of Information Technology & Electronic Engineering 2017, Volume 18, Issue 11,   Pages 1843-1853 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.1601283

Abstract: A novel 3D interactive painting method for Chinese calligraphy and painting based on force feedback technology is proposed. The relationship between the force exerted on the brush and the resulting brush deformation is analyzed and a spring-mass model is used to build a model of the 3D Chinese brush. The 2D brush footprint between the brush and the plane of the paper or object is calculated according to the deformation of the 3D brush when force is exerted on the 3D brush. Then the 3D brush footprint is obtained by projecting the 2D brush footprint onto the surface of the 3D object in real time, and a complete 3D brushstroke is obtained by superimposing 3D brush footprints along the painting direction. The proposed method has been suc-cessfully applied in a virtual 3D interactive drawing system based on force feedback technology. In this system, users can paint 3D brushstrokes in real time with a Phantom Desktop haptic device, which can effectively serve as a virtual reality interface to the simulated painting environment for users.

Keywords： 3D brush model     3D brushstroke     3D interactive painting     Real-time force feedback technology    

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Three-Dimensional Chip Imaging

Marcus Woo

Engineering 2020, Volume 6, Issue 5,   Pages 485-486 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.03.009

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Study on three-dimensional numerical model for shallow water flow

Ding Daoyang,Wu Shiqiang

Strategic Study of CAE 2010, Volume 12, Issue 2,   Pages 32-39

Abstract:

A three-dimensional numerical model for shallow flow based on a layer-integrated solution method is developed in this paper. The controlled equations are solved using an efficient operator-splitting finite element method on adaptive triangle grids. The experiment data in mending channel flow is selected to verify the proposed model. The simulated results are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Therefore, the present 3D shallow flow model is a robust and efficient tool for simulating the shallow flow hydrodynamics.

Keywords： three-dimensional flow model     numerical simulation     mending channel     shallow water flow    

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Development of an In-Situ Laser Machining System Using a Three-Dimensional Galvanometer Scanner Article

Xiao Li, Bin Liu, Xuesong Mei, Wenjun Wang, Xiaodong Wang, Xun Li

Engineering 2020, Volume 6, Issue 1,   Pages 68-76 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.07.024

Abstract:

In this study, a three-dimensional (3D) in-situ laser machining system integrating laser measurement and machining was built using a 3D galvanometer scanner equipped with a side-axis industrial camera. A line structured light measurement model based on a galvanometer scanner was proposed to obtain the 3D information of the workpiece. A height calibration method was proposed to further ensure measurement accuracy, so as to achieve accurate laser focusing. In-situ machining software was developed to realize time-saving and labor-saving 3D laser processing. The feasibility and practicability of this in-situ laser machining system were verified using specific cases. In comparison with the conventional line structured light measurement method, the proposed methods do not require light plane calibration, and do not need additional motion axes for 3D reconstruction; thus they provide technical and cost advantages. The in-situ laser machining system realizes a simple operation process by integrating measurement and machining, which greatly reduces labor and time costs.

Keywords： In-situ laser machining     Three-dimensional galvanometer scanner     Line structured light     Three-dimensional measurement    

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Modeling technology digital geologic stratum body in the proportion of pinch in 3D GIS

Dong Zhi

Strategic Study of CAE 2010, Volume 12, Issue 2,   Pages 76-82

Abstract:

Geological prospecting data into three-dimensional system and various three-dimensional modeling methods were used to reason and connect the formation of stratum automatically to generate three-dimensional model of formation. The modeling methods can easily liberate geological workers in the field of water conservancy and hydropower from the heavy geological information access and geological interpretation of the manual labor, thus enhance the speed of three-dimensional stratum modeling and also the quality of construction.

Keywords： three-dimensional digital geologic model     virtual borehole     multi-proportion of pinch     automatical modeling     decomposition of triangular itself    

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Finite Layer Analysis of Three-Dimensional Biot Consolidation of Homogeneous Soils

Mei Guoxiong,Zai Jinmin,Zhao Weibing,Yin Jianhua

Strategic Study of CAE 2004, Volume 6, Issue 7,   Pages 43-47

Abstract:

This paper presents a finite layer procedure for the consolidation analysis of layered soils using a cross isotropic elastic constitutive model. The program is first verified using two published results. Then using this program, the influences of cross isotropy on the consolidation behavior are analyzed. The results obtained using the cross isotropic elastic model are compared with results using isotropic elastic model. It is found that the cross isotropy has very large influences on the consolidation behavior. Curves of the average degree of consolidation are obtained and presented in the paper, which is useful for engineering practice.

Keywords： finite layer analysis     Biot's consolidation     three-dimension     cross-an isotropic    

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3D Photo-Fabrication for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Review

Rúben F. Pereira, Paulo J. Bártolo

Engineering 2015, Volume 1, Issue 1,   Pages 90-112 doi: 10.15302/J-ENG-2015015

Abstract:

The most promising strategies in tissue engineering involve the integration of a triad of biomaterials, living cells, and biologically active molecules to engineer synthetic environments that closely mimic the healing milieu present in human tissues, and that stimulate tissue repair and regeneration. To be clinically effective, these environments must replicate, as closely as possible, the main characteristics of the native extracellular matrix (ECM) on a cellular and subcellular scale. Photo-fabrication techniques have already been used to generate 3D environments with precise architectures and heterogeneous composition, through a multi-layer procedure involving the selective photocrosslinking reaction of a light-sensitive prepolymer. Cells and therapeutic molecules can be included in the initial hydrogel precursor solution, and processed into 3D constructs. Recently, photo-fabrication has also been explored to dynamically modulate hydrogel features in real time, providing enhanced control of cell fate and delivery of bioactive compounds. This paper focuses on the use of 3D photo-fabrication techniques to produce advanced constructs for tissue regeneration and drug delivery applications. State-of-the-art photo-fabrication techniques are described, with emphasis on the operating principles and biofabrication strategies to create spatially controlled patterns of cells and bioactive factors. Considering its fast processing, spatiotemporal control, high resolution, and accuracy, photo-fabrication is assuming a critical role in the design of sophisticated 3D constructs. This technology is capable of providing appropriate environments for tissue regeneration, and regulating the spatiotemporal delivery of therapeutics.

Keywords： 3D photo-fabrication     biomaterials     tissue engineering     drug delivery    

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AUV Path Planning in 3D Seabed Environment Using Genetic Algorithm

Hao Yanling,Zhang Jingjuan

Strategic Study of CAE 2003, Volume 5, Issue 11,   Pages 56-60

Abstract:

The path-planning algorithm of AUV in 3D seabed environment is studied. For 3D environment, the optimal paths are classified into three different types. The optimal paths of each type are obtained flexibly by using genetic algorithm, especially the incorporating of problem-specific knowledge and penalty function. Simulation results show the feasibility and reliability of the path-planning algorithm, which has considerable value on the safe navigation of AUV in seabed environment.

Keywords： 3D path planning     genetic algorithm     seabed terrain     underwater vehicle    

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3D Modeling and Visualization of Virtual Construction Grou p

Zhang Zhengfeng,Fu Jinqiang,Zhang Fayu

Strategic Study of CAE 2007, Volume 9, Issue 5,   Pages 53-56

Abstract:

3D modeling methods of terrain,  city structure,  highway and other attached establishments are presented in detail.  Taking into account the matching of 3D object with terrain model,  the visualization processes of digital city are analyzed. 3D modeling and visualization of residential district are realized. Practical application shows that this approach has good adaptability and provides a new supplementary means for 3D visual design of digital city.

Keywords： virtual construction group     3D modeling     visualization     terrain match    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Deep 3D reconstruction: methods, data, and challenges

Caixia Liu, Dehui Kong, Shaofan Wang, Zhiyong Wang, Jinghua Li, Baocai Yin,lcxxib@emails.bjut.edu.cn,wangshaofan@bjut.edu.cn

Journal Article

On 3Dface reconstruction via cascaded regression in shape space

Feng LIU, Dan ZENG, Jing LI, Qi-jun ZHAO

Journal Article

Three-dimensional shape space learning for visual concept construction: challenges and research progress

Xin TONG

Journal Article

Visual recognition of cardiac pathology based on 3D parametric model reconstruction

Jinxiao XIAO, Yansong LI, Yun TIAN, Dongrong XU, Penghui LI, Shifeng ZHAO, Yunhe PAN

Journal Article

The Development of 3D Atomic Force Microscopy with Magnetically Driven-orthogonal Cantilever Probes

Hao Zhang, Junyuan Geng, Haibo Gao, Weibin Rong, Hui Xie

Journal Article

3D geology-hydrotechnics cooperative design system of hydraulic and hydroelectric engineering

Li Mingchao,Zhong Denghua,Wang Zhongyao,LiuJie

Journal Article

A virtual 3D interactive painting method for Chinese calligraphy and painting based on real-time force feedback technology

Chao GUO, Zeng-xuan HOU, You-zhi SHI, Jun XU, Dan-dan YU

Journal Article

Three-Dimensional Chip Imaging

Marcus Woo

Journal Article

Study on three-dimensional numerical model for shallow water flow

Ding Daoyang,Wu Shiqiang

Journal Article

Development of an In-Situ Laser Machining System Using a Three-Dimensional Galvanometer Scanner

Xiao Li, Bin Liu, Xuesong Mei, Wenjun Wang, Xiaodong Wang, Xun Li

Journal Article

Modeling technology digital geologic stratum body in the proportion of pinch in 3D GIS

Dong Zhi

Journal Article

Finite Layer Analysis of Three-Dimensional Biot Consolidation of Homogeneous Soils

Mei Guoxiong,Zai Jinmin,Zhao Weibing,Yin Jianhua

Journal Article

3D Photo-Fabrication for Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery

Rúben F. Pereira, Paulo J. Bártolo

Journal Article

AUV Path Planning in 3D Seabed Environment Using Genetic Algorithm

Hao Yanling,Zhang Jingjuan

Journal Article

3D Modeling and Visualization of Virtual Construction Grou p

Zhang Zhengfeng,Fu Jinqiang,Zhang Fayu

Journal Article