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Review and Development Strategy of Irrigation with Unconventional Water Resources in China
HuYaqi, Wenyong Wu
Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 5, Pages 69-76 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.011
With the increasing shortage of water resources, the development and utilization of unconventional water resources have received more and more attention from various countries. Using unconventional water resources to irrigate is one of the important measures to deal with the shortage of water resources. Unconventional water resources mainly include the reclaimed water and brackish water. In China, the agricultural unconventional water resources have relatively high potentials. It has been predicted that the amount of unconventional water available for agriculture will reach 3.438×1010 m3 in 2030 and the irrigation amount of reclaimed water and brackish water will be 1.645×1010 m3 and 2.48×109 m3, respectively. In areas where the fresh water resources are lacking and the unconventional water resources are relatively abundant, especially in the arid area in the north, developing and using unconventional water resources can be regarded as a good solution for the shortage of fresh water. In this paper, based on the situation of China, the irrigation mode of unconventional water resources was summarized. From the aspects of zoning technology, suitable crop classification, pollution identification technology, high-efficient irrigation technique, monitoring and evaluation technology, and integrated application mode, this paper proposes the safe irrigation measures of unconventional water resources in China. Finally, in order to establish a technical system of agricultural unconventional water resources utilization suitable for China, this paper puts forward the development and utilization strategy, which is to further strengthen the technical research and popularization of the agricultural unconventional water resource utilization technology, to improve the recycling standards and regulation system, to bring the unconventional water resources into the planning of water resources development and utilization, and to formulate incentive policies.
Prospects and Strategic Position on Unconventional Natural Gas Development & Utilization in China
The Project Team of “China Unconventional Natural Gas Development & Utilization Strategic Research
Strategic Study of CAE 2015, Volume 17, Issue 9, Pages 6-10
The unconventional natural gas resources is abundant in China but with low degree of development and utilization. Moreover, there is advanced technology and experiences from outside China can be learned. It is of great strategic significance to accelerate the development and utilization of unconventional natural gas resources for economic and social development as well as the energy security. Based on the evaluation of the potential and exploitation trends of four types of unconventional natural gas resources, some strategies and measures were recommended in this paper. The studies suggested that the grand total technically recoverable resources of shale gas, tight gas and coal-bed methane in China is approximately 3.1×1013 m3, which is 1.5 times that of conventional natural gas resources. Both technological innovation and policy support from the government are the key to achieve the large-scale development and utilization of unconventional natural gas resources. A three-step strategy can be applied in the development and utilization of unconventional natural gas in China. The output of unconventional natural gas is predicted to draw equal with that of the conventional natural gas around 2020; it is expected to reach approximately 3×1011 m3 around 2030, accounting for 2/3 of the national total. It will be the main contributor for the sustainable and sound development of China’s natural gas industry.
Keywords： unconventional natural gas resource potential development and utilization strategic position
Potential and development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in China
Hu Wenrui,Zhai Guangming,Li Jingming
Strategic Study of CAE 2010, Volume 12, Issue 5, Pages 25-29
The situation of development and utilization of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in world and in China was summarized, difficulties in unconventional hydrocarbon resources development were analyzed and policies and proposals to speed up the development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in China were proposed.
Keywords： unconventional hydrocarbon exploration and development technology potential countermeasure
Zoning of Agricultural Resource and Environment in China
Erqi Xu
Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 5, Pages 57-62 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.009
Problems in China’s agricultural resources and environment have become increasingly prominent, with distinct resource and environment constraints for regional agricultures. Based on regional differentiation in agricultural resource and environment characteristics, this paper divided the country into 10 first-level zones and 57 second-level zones at the county scale. The first-level zones were divided according to regional differentiation in climate and geotectonic. And the second-level zones differentiate in water resources, land resources, and environmental conditions. It analyzed the agricultural production conditions, types of resources and their different combinations, environmental production conditions, and existing problems in these zones. This study proposed the strategies of “optimizing the spatial layout of eastern, central, and western regions” and “improving Northeast China, regulating North China, and recovering South China”. Twenty-seven second-level zones, undertaking the supply of major agricultural products in China, were identified and labeled as “major agricultural developing regions in China”. The development direction and construction measures of the major agricultural developing regions in China were suggested to maintain and improve the health and sustainability of China’s agricultural production system.
Keywords： 一级区依据气候条件和大地构造的地域分异，二级区根据水资源、土地资源和环境条件问题差异。分析了全国各分区农业生产条件、资源类型及其组合的特点、环境生产条件和存在问题，提出 中国农业资源环境问题日益突出，区域农业资源限制因素和环境制约问题各不相同。依据农业资源环境地域分异，以县域为制图单元，本文将全国划分为10 提高东北，整治华北，恢复南方 战略，并划分了27 个承担主要农产品供给保障功能的 ，指明其建设方向措施，以维护和改善我国农业生产系统的健康和可持续性
Technical Trend and R&D Focus of Modern Water-saving Agriculture
Wu Pute,Feng Hao,Niu Wenquan,Zhao Xining
Strategic Study of CAE 2007, Volume 9, Issue 2, Pages 12-18
Based on analyzing research achievements and technical trend of modern water-saving agriculture in China, combining technical development and demand on modern water-saving agriculture, the author suggested five of technical research emphases on modern water-saving agriculture in the future, including the biological water-saving technique,inferior water resources development technique, water-saving irrigation technique and equipment, dryland water high-efficient agriculture, and the regional development mode of water saving in field for water-saving agriculture.
Keywords： biological water-saving technique inferior water resources water-saving irrigation technique
The potential and exploring progress of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in SINOPEC
Ma Yongsheng,Feng Jianhui,Mu Zehui,Zhao Peirong,Bao Shujing,Wang Feng
Strategic Study of CAE 2012, Volume 14, Issue 6, Pages 22-30
The unconventional hydrocarbon resources are very abundant within the registered blocks of SINOPEC (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation). The potential exploration area for coalbed methane (CBM) reaches 101.9 thousand km2 and the resource with the buried depth smaller than 2 000 m is 11.02 trillion m3. The potential exploration area for shell gas is 175 thousand km2 and the volume is 15.9 trillion m3. The potential exploration area for shell oil reaches 117.6 thousand km2 and the resource is huge. Since 2004, SINOPEC has started to pay attention to unconventional hydrocarbon resources and launched research and exploration on CBM, shale gas and shale oil, etc. Recently, unconventional hydrocarbon resources exploration of SINOPEC has obtained breakthrough and progress. By the horizontal well fracturing section, Biye HF-1 obtains 23.6 m3/d commercial shell oil flow in Biyang Depression. By testing, several continental wells get high-yield commercial shell gas flow in Yuanba Block, and Jianye HF-1 obtains 12 300 m3/d commercial shell gas flow in Jiannan Block. The CBM proved reservoir in Yanchuan south block has reached 10 647 millon m3, and lots of wells get commercial CBM gas flow, which makes the pattern of “various resources type” and “multi-stage” exploration and development form on unconventional hydrocarbon resources in SINOPEC.
Keywords： SINOPEC (China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation ) unconventional hydrocarbon hydrocarbon resources exploration
Guoxin Li,Chenggang Xian,He Liu
Engineering 2022, Volume 18, Issue 11, Pages 105-115 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.05.018
Unconventional oil and gas resources have become the most important and realistic field for increasing China's domestic oil and gas reserves and production. At present, the production scale does not match the massive amount of resources and the rapid growth of proven geological reserves. The challenges of technology, cost, management, and methodology restrict large-scale and economic development. Based on successful practices, a "one engine with six gears" system engineering methodology is put forward, which includes life-cycle management, overall synergy, interdisciplinary cross-service integration, marketoriented operation, socialized support, digitalized management, and low-carbon and green development. The methodology has been proved to be effective in multiple unconventional oil and gas national demonstration areas, including the Jimusar continental shale oil demonstration area. Disruptive views are introduced—
namely, that unconventional oil and gas do not necessarily yield a low return, nor do they necessarily have a low recovery factor. A determination to achieve economic benefit must be a pervasive underlying goal for managers and experts. Return and recovery factors, as primary focuses, must be adhered to during China’s development of unconventional oil and gas. The required methodology transformation
includes a revolution in management systems to significantly decrease cost and increase production, resulting in technological innovation.
Keywords： Unconventional oil and gas resources System engineering Methodology transformation Life-cycle management Geoscience-to-engineering integration
Zhao Wenjin
Strategic Study of CAE 2004, Volume 6, Issue 8, Pages 21-27
Freshwater resources are the material basis for human subsistence and economic and social development. The problem of water resources is very severe in the process of development in the northwestern region of China. This paper further discusses the problem concerning the implementation of the uprinciple of harmonious co-existence of man and nature” during the development of the northwestern region, and suggests that in the process of exploitation and utilization of water resources in the northwestern region it is necessary to consider issues from the fact that the region has only a small total amount of water resource but very large annual evaporation and very small annual precipitation. Efforts should be made to broaden sources of water and economize on water, prevent various kinds of waste of water resources, raise the effectiveness of water use, reduce water pollution, recover water resources and improve the environment. It is advisable to take actively the way of “storing water under the ground”，expanding groundwater and developing groundwater rationally, and meanwhile to adhere to expanding usable freshwater resources continuously.
Keywords： water resources exploitation and utilization northwestern region of China
Agricultural Water Resource in China and Strategic Measures for its Efficient Utilization
Hao Wang, Lin Wang, Guiyu Yang, Ling Jia, Yizhen Yao, Yutong Zhang
Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 5, Pages 9-15 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.05.002
Since the 21st century, the cultivated area, irrigated area, and main grain-producing zone have been continuously concentrated to the North of China, and the North-to-South grains transportation has further aggravated the dislocation of land resources and water resources, which leads to the increase of agricultural water resources stress, and the unsustainability of underground water in the main grain-producing zone to the north of the Yellow River. To ensure national food security and provide rational basic guarantees for agricultural water resources, based on the analysis of the agricultural water resources situation, the grain production and consumption, the spatial distribution characteristics of food crop irrigation water requirements, and the precipitation adapting cropping areas in China, the paper employed the irrigation quote method to calculate the minimum thresholds of farmland irrigation water requirements in 2025 and 2030 under the condition of the irrigation method adjusted and rational irrigation scale constrained by the grain consumption demand and the total water use control red line in future. The results show that, to meet the water demand for high-standard farmlands of 66.67×106 hectares in the future, a bottom line of 3.23×1011 m3 water for farmland irrigation should be guaranteed while strengthening water-saving conditions, and approximately 6.44×109 m3 unconventional water should be exploited to supplement fresh water shortage. Strategic measures of establishing water-saving and high-efficiency modern irrigation farming and water-collecting and efficiency-improved dry farming systems are proposed. To this end, the following measures should be stressed: precipitation adapting cropping should be promoted to improve rainwater utilization efficiency, engineering and agronomic measures should be taken to increase the utilization efficiency of irrigation water, utilization of unconventional water resources should be increased, and water resource management should be enhanced.
Keywords： agricultural water resources threshold value of irrigation water modern dry farming modern irrigation farming precipitation adapting cropping strategic measures
The situations and opportunities of the world oil and gas upstream international cooperation
Tong Xiaoguang
Strategic Study of CAE 2011, Volume 13, Issue 4, Pages 15-19
The paper emphases the necessity of making use of overseas oil and gas, and mainly analyzes the upstream cooperation situations and opportunities of Iraq, Iran, Brazil, Canada, Venezuela and North America and the contact variation trends of the world oil and gas international cooperation,and then points out the main directions to expand present upstream international cooperation.
Keywords： oil and gas upstream international cooperation Iraq deep water oil and gas exploration heavy oil and oil sand unconventional gas
Yan Jianlin, Dong Jingchen, Gu Yishana, Yang Xiaoying
Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 4, Pages 9-12 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.04.002
At present, a new round of scientific and technological revolution as well as industrial transformation is accelerating, and global manufacturing has entered a new stage of development. Developed countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan have formulated their own development strategies for intelligent manufacturing technology. Intelligent manufacturing in China is in a critical period of accelerated development. However, the problem of insufficient and imbalanced development is very prominent. In this context, a development strategy for the intelligent manufacturing technology suitable for China’s national conditions must be developed according to the principle of combining perspectiveness, stages, practicability and openness, thus to guide and promote the scientific intelligent upgrading of manufacturing in China.
Keywords： China’s national conditions intelligent manufacturing technological strategy
Caineng Zou,Zhen Qiu,Jiaqiang Zhang,Zhiyang Li,Hengye Wei,Bei Liu,Jianhua Zhao,Tian Yang,Shifa Zhu,Huifei Tao,Fengyuan Zhang,Yuman Wang,Qin Zhang,Wen Liu,Hanlin Liu,Ziqing Feng,Dan Liu,Jinliang Gao,Rong Liu,Yifan Li
Engineering 2022, Volume 18, Issue 11, Pages 62-78 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.016
The commercial exploitation of unconventional petroleum resources (e.g., shale oil/gas and tight oil/gas) has drastically changed the global energy structure within the past two decades. Sweet-spot intervals (areas), the most prolific unconventional hydrocarbon resources, generally consist of extraordinarily high organic matter (EHOM) deposits or closely associated sandstones/carbonate rocks. The formation of sweet-spot intervals (areas) is fundamentally controlled by their depositional and subsequent diagenetic settings, which result from the coupled sedimentation of global or regional geological events, such as tectonic activity, sea level (lake level) fluctuations, climate change, bottom water anoxia, volcanic activity, biotic mass extinction or radiation, and gravity flows during a certain geological period. Black shales with EHOM content and their associated high-quality reservoir rocks deposited by the coupling of major geological events provide not only a prerequisite for massive hydrocarbon generation but also abundant hydrocarbon storage space. The Ordovician–Silurian Wufeng–Longmaxi shale of the Sichuan Basin, Devonian Marcellus shale of the Appalachian Basin, Devonian–Carboniferous Bakken Formation of the Williston Basin, and Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin are four typical unconventional hydrocarbon systems selected as case studies herein. In each case, the formation of sweet-spot intervals for unconventional hydrocarbon resources was controlled by the coupled sedimentation of different global or regional geological events, collectively resulting in a favorable environment for the production, preservation, and accumulation of organic matter, as well as for the generation, migration, accumulation, and exploitation of hydrocarbons. Unconventional petroleum sedimentology, which focuses on coupled sedimentation during dramatic environmental changes driven by major geological events, is key to improve the understanding of the formation and distribution of sweet-spot intervals (areas) in unconventional petroleum systems.
Keywords： Sedimentology Black shales Fine-grained sediments Organic matter accumulation Extraordinarily high organic matter Unconventional petroleum
Zhao Ying,Wang Haixia,Wang Yi,Niu Zhongen,Hu Qiuli,Zhao Fen,Suo Lizhu,Xu Zhenghe,Chen Xiaobing
Strategic Study of CAE 2023, Volume 25, Issue 4, Pages 158-168 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.04.013
Water resources are basic natural and economic resources of strategic significance and are vital for the high-quality agricultural development and ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin. To implement the national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, it is significant to improve the use efficiency and allocation of water resources in the basin. This study focuses on the high-efficiency utilization and sustainable development of agricultural water resources, adopts the research methods of systematic hydrology, and adheres to an all-encompassing approach to food. Based on the theories and technologies for the optimal allocation of water resources in the process of high-quality agricultural development, it explores the mechanism for the hydrologic process of farmlands and investigates the challenges faced in terms of water use efficiency improvement, optimal allocation of agricultural and ecological water resources, collaborative optimization of water, food, and ecosystem, and construction of farmland information systems. Countermeasures are further proposed. This study reviews the agricultural water-saving and water resource allocation capabilities of the whole Yellow River Basin from a water cycle perspective and is expected to provide basic support for the optimal allocation of land and water resources, high-quality agricultural development, and ecological protection collaboration in the Yellow River Basin.
Keywords： Yellow River Basin agricultural water and soil resources eco-hydrological process water use efficiency water resource allocation
Guancheng Jiang,Jinsheng Sun,Yinbo He,Kaixiao Cui,Tengfei Dong,Lili Yang,Xukun Yang,Xingxing Wang
Engineering 2022, Volume 18, Issue 11, Pages 129-142 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.11.014
The efficient exploration and development of unconventional oil and gas are critical for increasing the self-sufficiency of oil and gas supplies in China. However, such operations continue to face serious problems (e.g., borehole collapse, loss, and high friction), and associated formation damage can severely impact well completion rates, increase costs, and reduce efficiencies. Water-based drilling fluids possess certain advantages over oil-based drilling fluids (OBDFs) and may offer lasting solutions to resolve the aforementioned issues. However, a significant breakthrough with this material has not yet been made, and major technical problems continue to hinder the economic and large-scale development of unconventional oil and gas. Here, the international frontier external method, which only improves drilling fluid inhibition and lubricity, is expanded into an internal–external technique that improves the overall wellbore quality during drilling. Bionic technologies are introduced into the chemical material synthesis process to imitate the activity of life. A novel drilling and completion fluid technique was developed to improve wellbore quality during drilling and safeguard formation integrity. Macroscopic and microscopic analyses indicated that in terms of wellbore stability, lubricity, and formation protection, this approach could outperform methods that use typical OBDFs. The proposed method also achieves a classification upgrade from environmentally protective drilling fluid to an ecologically friendly drilling fluid. The developed technology was verified in more than 1000 unconventional oil and gas wells in China, and the results indicate significant alleviation of the formation damage attributed to borehole collapse, loss, and high friction. It has been recognized as an effective core technology for exploiting unconventional oil and gas resources. This study introduces a novel research direction for formation protection technology and demonstrates that observations and learning from the natural world can provide an inexhaustible source of ideas and inspire the creation of original materials, technologies, and theories for petroleum engineering.
Keywords： Formation protection Wellbore quality Unconventional oil and gas Drilling and completion fluid Bionics
Editorial for the Special Issue on Unconventional and Intelligent Oil and Gas Engineering Editoial
Gensheng Li, Jinsheng Sun, Zhangxin Chen, Zhenhua Rui
Engineering 2022, Volume 18, Issue 11, Pages 1-2 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.09.006
Title Author Date Type Operation
Review and Development Strategy of Irrigation with Unconventional Water Resources in China
HuYaqi, Wenyong Wu
Journal Article
Prospects and Strategic Position on Unconventional Natural Gas Development & Utilization in China
The Project Team of “China Unconventional Natural Gas Development & Utilization Strategic Research
Journal Article
Potential and development of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in China
Hu Wenrui,Zhai Guangming,Li Jingming
Journal Article
Technical Trend and R&D Focus of Modern Water-saving Agriculture
Wu Pute,Feng Hao,Niu Wenquan,Zhao Xining
Journal Article
The potential and exploring progress of unconventional hydrocarbon resources in SINOPEC
Ma Yongsheng,Feng Jianhui,Mu Zehui,Zhao Peirong,Bao Shujing,Wang Feng
Journal Article
A “One Engine with Six Gears” System Engineering Methodology for the Economic Development of Unconventional Oil and Gas in China
Guoxin Li,Chenggang Xian,He Liu
Journal Article
Supplementary Suggestion for Countermeasures for Exploitation and Utilization of Water Resources of the Northwestern Region of China
Zhao Wenjin
Journal Article
Agricultural Water Resource in China and Strategic Measures for its Efficient Utilization
Hao Wang, Lin Wang, Guiyu Yang, Ling Jia, Yizhen Yao, Yutong Zhang
Journal Article
The situations and opportunities of the world oil and gas upstream international cooperation
Tong Xiaoguang
Journal Article
Accelerate Formulating the Technology Strategy of Intelligent Manufacturing Suited to the National Conditions
Yan Jianlin, Dong Jingchen, Gu Yishana, Yang Xiaoying
Journal Article
Unconventional Petroleum Sedimentology: A Key to Understanding Unconventional Hydrocarbon Accumulation
Caineng Zou,Zhen Qiu,Jiaqiang Zhang,Zhiyang Li,Hengye Wei,Bei Liu,Jianhua Zhao,Tian Yang,Shifa Zhu,Huifei Tao,Fengyuan Zhang,Yuman Wang,Qin Zhang,Wen Liu,Hanlin Liu,Ziqing Feng,Dan Liu,Jinliang Gao,Rong Liu,Yifan Li
Journal Article
Efficient Utilization and Optimal Allocation of Agricultural Water Resources in the Yellow River Basin
Zhao Ying,Wang Haixia,Wang Yi,Niu Zhongen,Hu Qiuli,Zhao Fen,Suo Lizhu,Xu Zhenghe,Chen Xiaobing
Journal Article
Novel Water-Based Drilling and Completion Fluid Technology to Improve Wellbore Quality During Drilling and Protect Unconventional reservoirs
Guancheng Jiang,Jinsheng Sun,Yinbo He,Kaixiao Cui,Tengfei Dong,Lili Yang,Xukun Yang,Xingxing Wang
Journal Article
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