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迈向生态文明建设——基于第二次全国污染物普查结果的经验启示 Perspective

谢明辉, 段华波, 康鹏, 乔琦, 白璐

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第9期页码 1336-1341 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.11.003

摘要：

如何平衡经济发展与环境保护之间的关系并实现可持续，一直以来是全球备受关注的热门话题，也是突出难题。近年来，我国把生态文明建设摆在全局工作的突出位置，持续推动高质量和绿色低碳发展，特别是自改革开放以来由快速工业化和城镇化带来的环境污染问题开始得以遏制并显著好转。2020年6月10日，我国公布了《第二次全国污染源普查》调查报告，其为生态文明建设成效提供了强有力的定量化评价依据。通过对比第一次和第二次全国污染源普查结果，可知在维持经济总量稳定增长的同时，各类污染物的排放总量正在持续下降且趋势明显。显然，我国新时代绿色发展和生态文明建设策略成效显著，可为其他国家和地区可持续发展道路提供参考。

关键词：生态文明第二次全国污染源普查绿色发展可持续发展

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Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

Jun YANG,Mei LEI,Tongbin CHEN,Ding GAO,Guodi ZHENG,Guanghui GUO,Duujong LEE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第8卷第5期页码 719-728 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0600-6

摘要： It is essential to determine the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge to select appropriate disposal methods. We conducted a national survey of heavy metal concentrations of sewage sludge samples from 107 municipal sewage treatment plants located in 48 cities covering the 31 provinces and autonomous regions, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2006, and identified the temporal trends of heavy metal contents in sewage sludge by comparison with surveys conducted in 1994–2001. In 2006, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge were 20.2, 1.97, 93.1, 218.8, 2.13, 48.7, 72.3, and 1058 mg·kg , respectively. Because of the decreased discharge of heavy metals into industrial wastewater in China and the increasingly stringent regulations governing the content of industrial wastes entering sewers, the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have decreased by 32.3%, 49.7%, 54.9%, 25.0%, 37.2%, 44.8%, and 27.0%, respectively, during the past 12 years. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples exceeded the heavy metal limits of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in China (GB 18918-2002) by 6.5%, 3.7%, 6.5%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. From these results, 85 of the 107 municipal sludges analyzed would be considered suitable for land application.

关键词： sewage sludge heavy metals temporal variation national survey environmental policies

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A survey on assembly lines and its types

Ullah SAIF,Zailin GUAN,Baoxi WANG,Jahanzeb MIRZA,Shiyang HUANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第9卷第2期页码 95-105 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0302-1

摘要：

Assembly lines are useful for mass production of standard as well as customized products. Line balancing is an important issue, in this regard an optimal or near optimal balance can provide a fruitful savings in the initial cost and also in the running cost of such production systems. A survey of different problems in different types of assembly lines and some of the critical and on going research areas are highlighted here. The provided research information is momentous for the research community in assembly line area to proceed further in the presented issues of assembly lines.

关键词： assembly lines line balancing survey

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75 g glucose tolerance test in the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): Results from a nationalsurvey on prevalence of GDM

Xue-Lian GAO, Yu-Mei WEI, Hui-Xia YANG, Xian-Ming XU, Ling FAN, Jing HE, Ning LIU, San-Cun ZHAO, Ya-Li HU, Zi YANG, Yun-Ping ZHANG, Xing-Hui LIU, Xu CHEN, Jian-Ping ZHANG, Wen-Li GOU, Mei XIAO, Hai-Rong WU, Mei-Hua ZHANG

《医学前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 303-307 doi: 10.1007/s11684-010-0090-x

摘要： The possibility of the 2 h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as an alternative to the 3 h OGTT was investigated based on data from a national survey on pregnancy-associated diabetes. Data were retrieved from 4179 pregnant women who had OGTT performed after an abnormal 50 g glucose challenge test (GCT). All of the 4 glucose levels during their OGTT were collected and analyzed. According to American Diabetes Association (ADA) gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnostic criteria, among the 4179 pregnant women who required OGTT, 3429 (82.1%) were normal and 750 (17.9%) were diagnosed as GDM. If the 3rd h glucose levels were omitted from OGTT, 79 cases of GDM (10.5%) would be overlooked. No trend was shown where women with more risk factors were more likely to be overlooked if the 3rd h test was omitted ( for trend= 0.038, >0.05). No significant differences were found in the rate of cesarean section (CS), preterm births or macrosomia between the 79 cases and those with normal OGTT results and in the gestational weeks when OGTT was performed. It shows that in order to diagnose one woman with GDM, another 52 pregnant women would have an innocent 3rd h glucose test. Omission of the 3rd h glucose test in OGTT might be reasonable due to its convenience, better compliance and a small number of possibly miss-diagnosed cases, and their pregnancy outcomes have no significant difference from those of normal pregnant women.

关键词： diabetes gestational oral glucose tolerance test

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Pollution survey of carbonyl compounds in train air

LU Hao, ZHU Lizhong

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年第1卷第1期页码 125-128 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0023-3

摘要： The train is an important vehicle in China, but its air quality has important impacts on passengers health. In this work, pollution from carbonyl compounds was measured in the air of six trains. The objectives of this work were to investigate carbonyl compound levels in selected air from trains, identify their emission sources, and assess the intake of carbonyl compounds for passengers. The methods for sampling and analyzing 10 carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein, acetone, propionaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, cyclohexanone, and valeraldehyde in indoor air were proposed with the sampling efficiency, recovery, and detection limit being 92% 100%, 91% 104%, and 0.26 0.82 ng/m, respectively. It was indicated that the total concentrations of carbonyl compounds were 0.159 0.2828 mg/m with the average concentration of 0.2330 mg/m. The average concentrations of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acetone were 0.0922, 0.0499, and 0.0580 mg/m, accounting for 42.6%, 21.4%, and 24.9% of the total concentrations of carbonyl compounds, respectively. The carbonyl compounds probably came from woodwork and cigarette smoking. The intake of carbonyl compounds for the passengers was approximately 0.043 0.076 mg/h. The carbonyl compounds in train air could be harmful to human health.

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Green Construction of National Speed Skating Oval

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2022年第9卷第1期页码 170-176 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0177-x

关键词： super large-span cable net structure CO₂ Transcritical Direct-cooling Ice Making System dynamic high-precision construction measurement green construction National Speed Skating Oval

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A survey of instantaneous poles for a class of two-degree-of-freedom spherical mechanisms

Soheil ZARKANDI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2014年第9卷第4期页码 344-353 doi: 10.1007/s11465-014-0320-z

摘要：

This paper is a detailed exploration of instantaneous poles for a class of two-degree-of-freedom (two-DOF) spherical mechanisms (SMs) with seven links or bars. For two-DOF SMs, the secondary instantaneous poles (the ones which cannot be found by direct inspection) must lie on the specified great circles. For many of these mechanisms, however, some of these great circles cannot be obtained by a direct application of Aronhold-Kennedy theorem. This paper presents geometrical and analytical techniques to locate these unknown great circles for three topologies of seven-bar two-DOF SMs.

关键词： spherical mechanisms instantaneous poles Aronhold-Kennedy theorem great circles pencil of meridian

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A survey of physical activity among urban women in China

Shilin DENG MD, Tongyuan LIU,

《医学前沿（英文）》 2009年第3卷第4期页码 463-469 doi: 10.1007/s11684-009-0081-y

摘要： Few studies have been conducted to assess the level of physical activity (PA) of women in China. The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence of PA among women in Wuhan and explore sociodemographic and behavioral correlation to PA for the population. A total of 1359 community-dwelling women (42.9713.60 years old) participated in this study. The long-version IPAQ was used to define the level of PA. 45.7% of women were considered physically active, and 27.5% were vigorously active. The proportion of physical inactivity was around 26.8%. The total and 4 domains of PA showed significant age, education level, and occupation variation. PA tended to be lower as the age declined. PA in transportation, housework, leisure time, and the total tended to be the lowest or the second lowest among the women aged 18–35 years old. PA tended to be lower as the level of education increased. Among the 5 indices, PAwas the lowest among women with college education, especially those with postgraduate education. PA tended to be the lowest among the women of office staff and instructor or technician. Generally, the total and 4 domains of PA showed significant age, education level, and occupation variation. Physical inactivity appears to be more common among younger women, or college-educated women, office ladies, and female instructor and technicians.

关键词： physical activity urban women China

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Achievements of the national malaria control and elimination program in the People’s Republic of China

《医学前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第1期页码 85-92 doi: 10.1007/s11684-021-0917-7

摘要： In 2017, China achieved the target of zero indigenous malaria case for the first time, and has been certified as malaria free by World Health Organization in 2021. To further summarize the historical achievements and technical experiences of the elimination program, a project on the Roadmap Analysis and Verification for Malaria Elimination in China was carried out. Results of the project were compiled and published as the Atlas of Malaria Transmission in China (The Atlas). The Atlas using modern digital information technologies, has been supported by various data from 24 malaria endemic provinces of China since 1950, to assess the changes in malaria epidemic patterns from 1950 to 2019 at national and provincial levels. The Atlas is designed as two volumes, including a total of 1850 thematic maps and more than 130 charts, consisting of introductory maps, thematic maps of malaria epidemic and control at national and provincial levels. It objectively and directly shows the epidemic history, evolution process, and great achievements of the national malaria control and elimination program in China. The Atlas has important reference value for summing up historical experience in the national malaria elimination program of China, and malaria control and elimination in other endemic countries in the world.

关键词： malaria transmission control elimination China atlas

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关联规则挖掘算法综述

毕建欣,张岐山

《中国工程科学》 2005年第7卷第4期页码 88-94

摘要：

介绍了关联规则挖掘算法的基本原理，并按照挖掘中涉及到的变量数目（维数）、数据的抽象层次和处理变量的类别（布尔型和数值型），依次对关联规则挖掘算法的研究进行综述，并对一些典型的算法进行分析和比较，最后展望了关联规则挖掘算法的研究方向。

关键词：数据挖掘关联规则算法综述

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A survey of decorative materials on the energy consumption of mid-rise residential buildings in Mashad

Masoud Taheri SHAHRAEIN, Lihua ZHAO, Qinglin MENG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第4期页码 490-497 doi: 10.1007/s11709-010-0068-4

摘要： Polyvinylchloride (PVC) panel is one of the most favorite decorative materials that has been popularly applied as finishing of ceiling in residential buildings. It is about five years that the people incline to redecorate the ceiling of old buildings with PVC panel in big cities of Iran, such as Mashad. In this study, the influence of ceiling PVC panel on the cooling and heating loads of studied apartment were determined by software DeST-h. In addition, the summer natural ventilation of the mentioned apartment is investigated by determining the wind speed into the apartment through the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software. The evaluation of environment indoor wind velocity showed that most of the apartment space is a comfortable zone. The results of studied building analyses demonstrated that using PVC panel on the ceiling can decline the energy consumption of the penthouse (fifth level) of the investigated building, which is about 3.7% and 7% for studied methods of without and with air layer, respectively. In addition, although the existence of air layer can decline the cooling and heating loads, the increase in air layer thickness did not show significant decrease on building energy consumption. However, the PVC panel is expensive and is not suitable to be used for ceiling thermal insulation, but adding a thin layer of air between ceiling and PVC panel can be a good step toward sustainable building, when the people are inclined to utilize it as a decorative ceiling.

关键词： residential apartments natural ventilation energy consumption decorative materials Mashad

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中国区域地质调查现代化与加强深部调查

赵文津

《中国工程科学》 2003年第5卷第6期页码 25-32

摘要：

从对区域地质调查的任务出发，总结了过去区域地质调查工作的特点，即基本上是沿用传统方式进行的。提出和论述了21世纪中国区域地质调查应有新发展，以适应战略转变的要求，即除去运输、通讯、记录及数字化成图等之外，更应当面向土地资源、矿产资源、地质灾害以及提高环境质量的需要，用现代地学理论指导进行多学科的调查和采集、整理资料，实现3维多参数填图和理论概括，是关系现代地质科学发展的、具有深远战略意义的事。几十年的调查工作已证明深部的地质构造情况与地表层的观察结果是不一样的，与依据地表地质构造情况推测的深层情况也很不同。今后应加强深部探测，发展深部探测技术，取得不同深度层次的高分辨率成像图案，使人们对地球的认识提高到一个新的高度，形成新的空间—时间观念，以更有效地解决我国及地球的资源环境问题。

关键词：区域地质调查深部探测资源环境

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Public perception of environmental issues across socioeconomic characteristics: A survey study in Wujin

Jun BI, Yongliang ZHANG, Bing ZHANG,

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第4卷第3期页码 361-372 doi: 10.1007/s11783-010-0017-4

摘要： In developing countries, there is controversy over the correct perception regarding environmental and developmental issues. Few studies have examined the perception of low-income nationals in regards to social and environmental issues. This paper looks at the relationship between socio-demographic factors and the groups’ perceived priority regarding environmental and social issues in Wujin County. The results indicated that most residents, specifically the young, government employed and the urban community consider environmental issues to be serious, especially in relation to air pollution and water pollution. Furthermore, many residents feel it is important to rank environmental problems that are related to other social and economic issues, and that environmental protection must be set as a priority in Wujin County. Compared to social issues, environmental concern was greater among the young, government employed, and the urban community, because of their higher education and affluence. In addition, 66.2% of residents consider environmental protection to be more important than economic development. Thus, environmental protection must be set as a high priority in Wujin County, in order to face the many social and environmental challenges inherent in development.

关键词： socio-economic characteristics environmental perception sustainable development policy making

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Survey on deep learning for pulmonary medical imaging

Jiechao Ma, Yang Song, Xi Tian, Yiting Hua, Rongguo Zhang, Jianlin Wu

《医学前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第4期页码 450-469 doi: 10.1007/s11684-019-0726-4

摘要： As a promising method in artificial intelligence, deep learning has been proven successful in several domains ranging from acoustics and images to natural language processing. With medical imaging becoming an important part of disease screening and diagnosis, deep learning-based approaches have emerged as powerful techniques in medical image areas. In this process, feature representations are learned directly and automatically from data, leading to remarkable breakthroughs in the medical field. Deep learning has been widely applied in medical imaging for improved image analysis. This paper reviews the major deep learning techniques in this time of rapid evolution and summarizes some of its key contributions and state-of-the-art outcomes. The topics include classification, detection, and segmentation tasks on medical image analysis with respect to pulmonary medical images, datasets, and benchmarks. A comprehensive overview of these methods implemented on various lung diseases consisting of pulmonary nodule diseases, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, and interstitial lung disease is also provided. Lastly, the application of deep learning techniques to the medical image and an analysis of their future challenges and potential directions are discussed.

关键词： deep learning neural networks pulmonary medical image survey

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美国国家公园与门户城镇的建设经验与启示

刘辉亮

《中国工程科学》 2016年第18卷第5期页码 100-108 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2016.05.014

摘要：

2016年是美国国家公园管理局成立100周年。在过去的100年里，美国国家公园系统已成为重要的国家资源，在刺激经济发展和提高公众生活质量方面起着重要的作用，对门户城镇经济发展尤为如此。本文简要回顾了美国国家公园系统，包括它的历史、使命、规划重点和方法，并着重探讨了门户城镇和国家公园之间相互依托、相互合作、共同发展的关系，以及随着近年来国家公园游客、门户城镇访客和居民数量的日益增长，它们所面临的问题和挑战。笔者以落基山国家公园和它的主要门户城镇——埃斯蒂斯公园小镇 (the Town of Estes Park) 作为案例，探讨其成功的经验与存在的具体问题，并就有关中国国家公园系统的设立、国家公园和其门户城镇的关系及规划重点等提出建议，仅供“秦巴山区绿色循环发展”研究项目参考。

关键词：美国国家公园管理局门户城镇落基山国家公园埃斯蒂斯公园小镇