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中医舌诊客观化研究

翁维良,黄世敬

《中国工程科学》 2001年第3卷第1期页码 78-82

摘要：

中国中医研究院西苑医院等运用计算机图像处理技术，结合中医舌诊相关理论研制出“中医舌诊专家系统”，实现了舌诊的定量分析。我们应用该系统，对927例患者舌质舌苔定量观察，探讨舌诊定量变化规律，结果表明，各类舌质舌苔有相应的RGB（R为红色，G为绿色，B为蓝色）数量特征（P<0.01）;舌苔RGB值不仅与舌苔颜色密切相关，而且和舌苔的厚薄、腐腻等变化明显相关；舌苔面积百分数基本上反映了舌苔的覆盖面积。因此，应用中医舌诊专家系统对舌质舌苔进行量化诊断，可为中医辨证提供客观依据。

关键词：舌诊客观化专家系统

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INTENSIFICATION OF GRASSLAND-BASED DAIRY PRODUCTION AND ITS IMPACTS ON LAND, NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS USE EFFICIENCIES

Jouke OENEMA, Oene OENEMA

《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年第8卷第1期页码 130-147 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020376

摘要： Many grassland-based dairy farms are intensifying production, i.e., produce more milk per ha of land in response to the increasing demand for milk (by about 2% per year) in a globalized market. However, intensive dairy farming has been implicated for its resources use, ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions, and eutrophication impacts. This paper addresses the question of how the intensity of dairy production relates to N and P surpluses and use efficiencies on farms subjected to agri-environmental regulations. Detailed monitoring data were analyzed from 2858 grassland-based dairy farms in The Netherlands for the year 2015. The farms produced on average 925 Mg·yr milk. Milk production per ha ranged from<10 to>30 Mg·ha ·yr . Purchased feed and manure export strongly increased with the level of intensification. Surpluses of N and P at farm level remained constant and ammonia emissions per kg milk decreased with the level of intensification. In conclusion, N and P surpluses did not differ much among dairy farms greatly differing in intensity due to legal N and P application limits and obligatory export of manure surpluses to other farms. Further, N and P use efficiencies also did not differ among dairy farms differing in intensity provided the externalization of feed production was accounted for. This paper provides lessons for proper monitoring and control of N and P cycling in dairy farming.

关键词： ammonia externalization feed forage maize front runners manure production milk yield nitrogen surplus