Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering
>> 2015,
Volume 9,
Issue 3
doi:
10.1007/s11783-014-0653-1
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic environment in China: locally screening and environmental risk assessment
1. Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.2. School of Environment, THU-VEOLIA Joint Research Center for Advanced Environmental Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Accepted: 2014-02-14
Available online: 2015-04-30
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Abstract
An environmental risk assessment was performed for pharmaceutical compounds present in the aquatic environment of China. Predicted environmental concentration ( ) of the compounds were calculated according to European Medicines Evaluation Agency (EMEA) guidelines. Available ecotoxicological data compromised by applying a very conservative assessment factor ( ) were employed to calculate the predicted no-effect concentration ( ). The screening principle and the risk assessment were based on risk quotient ( ), which derived from the and related values. results indicated that all the compounds except sulfadimethoxine and levocarnitine, should carry out phase II risk assessment in EMEA guideline. values suggested that more than 36 pharmaceuticals may be imposed health threats to the aquatic environment; especially the antibiotic therapeutic class including amoxicillin, sulfasalazine, trimethoprim, oxytetracycline and erythromycin showed high values. These substances with high value ( ≥1) were regarded as top-priority pharmaceuticals for control in the aquatic environment of China. However, the antibiotic substances which had low risk quotient ( <1), should be reassessed by its potentially induced resistance under low concentration in future.
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