本文介绍了区块链技术发展和行业应用的现状，对区块链未来大规模应用会面临的技术挑战进行了剖析，综述了区块链体系结构、共识算法、隐私保护、智能合约、跨链通信等关键问题的研究现状，从技术、人才和监管三个方面对我国进一步发展区块链技术及应用的政策提出了建议。

Blockchain, as the backbone of the future "Internet of Value" model, is considered to have the potential to significantly alter the current state of the economy and society. This paper explains the state-of-the-art development in blockchain technologies (e.g. blockchain architecture, consensus algorithm, privacy preserving, smart contract, and chain interoperability) and its applications, especially considering the technological challenges encountered when blockchain is widely applied in different domains. Furthermore, respectively from the perspective of technology, talent and supervision, we propose suggestions that could facilitate the further development of blockchain in China.