During the 15th Five-Year Plan period, China's development environment faces profound and complex changes, and cultivating emerging and future industries becomes key to accelerating the construction of a modern industrial system and achieving high-quality development in the country. The development of emerging industries is now in a period where strategic opportunities and risks coexist, with an increasing number of unpredictable factors. Specifically, the security of core technologies, resilience of industrial and supply chains, the international market, and strategic resources are all facing severe challenges. Based on a national security perspective, this study focuses on major issues that affect the security of strategic emerging industries. It analyzes how changes in the global power structure, intensified competition in cutting-edge fields, and rapid growth of the digital economy impact industry security. It also examines the security situation and challenges faced by China's emerging industries from both their own development capabilities and the international industrial environment. Considering the demand for security in high-quality national development, this study analyzes the system logic of the security of emerging industries from three dimensions: strategic guidance, major power competition, and industrial growth. Furthermore, it proposes the concept, characteristics, and an integrated "strategy-technology-ecosystem-market" framework, offering ideas to improve the security and resilience of emerging industries and supporting their high-quality development.
The high-end equipment manufacturing industry is a cornerstone of national economic and defense security, and its systemic security is directly linked to a nation's capacity for autonomous industrial and supply chain governance, as well as the nation's competitive initiative on the global stage. In response to China's strategic demand during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, this study constructs a six-dimensional analytical framework for industrial system security, encompassing autonomy in key technologies, resilience of industrial and supply chains, market self-sufficiency, dominance in standards and specifications, seamless data flow, and information security assurance. The study integrates industrial data analysis, case studies, and quantitative assessment via the innovation development index, and focuses on four core sectors: machine tools, robotics, medical equipment, and pressure equipment. It examines the compound challenges—spanning foundational, structural, ecological, and environmental dimensions—faced by China's high-end equipment manufacturing industry in the context of an evolving global competitive landscape. The study reveals that China's high-end equipment manufacturing industry exhibits a dualistic character: leading in scale yet catching up in quality, vibrant in dynamism yet lagging in transformation. Significant constraints stem from weaknesses in core technologies, high-end components, and industrial software. The research argues that overcoming these bottlenecks necessitates a coordinated governance strategy combining asymmetric technological breakthroughs with systematic ecosystem development. Accordingly, this study proposes a comprehensive policy framework structured around five pillars: technological breakthroughs, supply chain resilience enhancement, intelligent monitoring and early warning, rule and standards shaping, and ecosystem cultivation. Specific measures include: advancing asymmetric technological breakthroughs; constructing a "backup + resilience" supply chain architecture; establishing a national intelligent monitoring and early warning platform; improving autonomous standards and data governance frameworks; and deepening the integration of the "four chains" (i.e., innovation, industry, capital, and talent chains) while accelerating "artificial intelligence +" initiatives. These recommendations aim to provide decision-making references for building a secure, controllable, efficient, and internationally competitive high-end equipment manufacturing industrial system.
Biomanufacturing has emerged as a strategic pathway for promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of manufacturing, fostering future industries, and supporting the development of a modern industrial system. Existing studies primarily focus on the maturity of individual technologies, but provide limited insight into whether a technology can be successfully deployed at an industrial scale under complex resource, engineering, and institutional constraints. To address this gap, this study proposes the concept of System Feasibility and establishes a four-layer analytical framework comprising resource support, technology translation, industrial organization, and institutional governance. Based on this framework, the concept of the System Feasibility Boundary and its formation mechanisms are further developed. The results indicate that System Feasibility refers to the comprehensive capability of a biomanufacturing system to achieve scalable, low-carbon, economically viable, and sustainable deployment under the combined constraints of resource endowment, energy structure, engineering capability, industrial organization, and institutional environment. The System Feasibility Boundary represents a dynamic boundary jointly determined by interactions among multiple system-level conditions. The low-carbon advantage of biomanufacturing is therefore not an intrinsic property of the technology itself, but rather an emergent outcome of coordinated interactions among resource support, technology translation, industrial organization, and institutional governance. Changes in key factors, including resource availability, carbon intensity of energy systems, engineering scale-up capability, supply chain coordination, and certification requirements, may lead to boundary contraction, implying that technological feasibility does not necessarily translate into industrial feasibility. Based on these findings, this study proposes a System Feasibility-oriented development strategy that emphasizes the coordinated enhancement of resource support, technology translation, industrial organization, and institutional governance, while promoting a system-intelligent governance framework driven by the integration of data, knowledge, models, and rules. By extending industrial assessment from technological feasibility to system feasibility, this study provides a novel analytical framework for industrial planning, technology pathway selection, and intelligent governance in biomanufacturing, and offers theoretical support for the development of modern industrial systems.
The emerging service industry has grown out of the transformation of traditional services and is characterized by the application of new technologies and platform-based operations. Given that the production and delivery of the industry depend heavily on technical rules and platform systems, the development of high-end standards becomes a critical issue that bears directly on national systemic security. Focusing on intelligent equipment for the digital culture, digital content generation, digital trade services, and smart city platform services, this study examines the security risks arising from missing standards, delayed updates, and inadequate implementation. Starting from the service forms of each field, it identifies the key links at which high-end standards matter and the resulting security consequences, and groups the risks into four categories: technological self-reliance, industrial ecosystem security, public service operations, as well as international rules and market access. The study finds that China's emerging service industry has already developed a substantial market scale and a strong foundation for engineering applications, but it still lacks self-reliance and rule-setting influences regarding critical architectures, core interfaces, as well as evaluation and certification. Typical cases, such as labelling rules for artificial intelligence generated content and content provenance credentials formulated by the Coalition for Content Provenance and Authenticity (C2PA), demonstrate that once high-end standards are incorporated into such key links as platform interfaces, certificate trust systems, and testing and certification processes, their influence can extend from individual technologies to industrial collaboration, public service operations, and access to international markets. To improve the governance of high-end standards in the emerging service industry, this study recommends strengthening the self-supply of critical high-end standards and aligning standards development with technological research and development. It also proposes the establishment of a standards testing alliance to improve reference implementations, shared test datasets, testing and certification, and certification recognition mechanisms, thereby supporting industrial collaboration and cross-platform compatibility. Moreover, a dynamic review and resilience assurance mechanism should be established throughout the lifecycle of critical service systems, with a focus on strengthening switching and disaster recovery testing, and aligning financial support with implementation outcomes. Additionally, it is essential to coordinate participation in international rule-making and market access arrangements while preserving independent technical options and backup interfaces, and enhancing necessary security reviews.
Against the backdrop of global green trade barriers reshaping the industrial landscape, the carbon accounting system has emerged as a strategic hub for China's industrial security and low-carbon transition. From the perspective of industrial security, this study examines the evolutionary characteristics and multipolar patterns of international carbon governance standards, with a focus on the development status of China's green environmental industry. It identifies the security risks China faces regarding data sovereignty, market access, accounting standards, and key technologies. Furthermore, it constructs a synergy framework for industrial carbon reduction and security based on carbon accounting: basic industries consolidate their foundation through the implementation of a circular economy; traditional industries adopt defensive strategies toward systemic decarbonization; and emerging industries pursue proactive strategies focusing on technological breakthroughs and overseas expansion. To strengthen industrial chain resilience and international influence, the study proposes four pathways that focus on improving policy coordination mechanisms, optimizing systems for addressing green trade challenges, refining carbon accounting standards and data governance, and making breakthroughs in core technologies, thus to achieve the integration of high-quality development and high-level security.
Driven by energy transition as well as the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals, China has basically established the pathway for developing a new energy industry system dominated by wind and solar power. Conducting research on the secure development of China's new energy industry system can help address the multidimensional and complex risks posed by the integration of a high proportion of renewable energy sources, thus providing crucial support for advancing the construction of this new energy system. This study analyzes the development characteristics and security landscape of China's new energy industry system, and identifies challenges it faces in areas such as supply chain resilience, core technology independence, standardization systems, and governance mechanisms. Based on this, a strategic framework for the secure development of the new energy industry system, centered around resilience‒flexibility synergy, is proposed. The study then clarifies strategic objectives for phased implementation, and outlines key tasks regarding industrial chain security, technological self-reliance, power system resilience, and digital-intelligent regulation, along with mid- to long-term engineering and technological support projects. Furthermore, the study offers policy recommendations from perspectives such as strategic coordination, deep integration of four chains (i.e., innovation, industry, capital, and talent chains), and digital-intelligent empowerment, thereby providing theoretical insights and decision-making support for building a secure, resilient, and efficient new energy system.
Guided by the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals as well as the strategy of boosting China's strength in transportation development, promoting the deep integration of new energy vehicles (NEVs) with green energy and achieving self-sufficiency of green energy in transportation have emerged as a key pathway for ensuring national energy security and establishing a green transportation system. Considering the explosive growth of the NEV industry and the green low-carbon transformation of energy, this study analyzes the challenges of vehicle-energy integration during the 15th Five-Year Plan period in terms of planning, technology, and mechanisms, clarifies phased development goals, and proposes an overall framework for building a green energy network in transportation. Moreover, the study expounds on six development priorities of vehicle-energy integration: source-grid-load-storage collaborative planning, construction of new infrastructure, upgrading of technical equipment, collaborative safety control, big data intelligent dispatching, and innovation in market mechanisms. It also proposes four suggestions: formulating special development plans, increasing the construction of new infrastructure, improving vehicle-energy aggregation and dispatching platforms, and establishing a mechanism for integrating transportation with the electricity and energy systems. The research findings can provide theoretical support and practical guidance for promoting deep integration of vehicles and energy as well as constructing a "Third Grid of Green Power in Transportation" during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, thereby strengthening the coordinated development of China's transportation and energy sectors.
Commercial space is an important force in strengthening China's space sector and an important development direction of strategic emerging industries. During the 15th Five-Year Plan, China's commercial space industry will enter a period of rapid development focused on high quality as the theme, featuring both major opportunities and critical challenges. Based on the analysis of the evolution, driving forces, and new progress of the international commercial aerospace competition landscape, this study assesses the strategic demands of China's commercial space development, such as enhancing the capacity for large-scale space access, supporting the construction of the new-generation space infrastructure, and promoting China's competitiveness in the development of global space economy. It also explores the corresponding industry development characteristics. Moreover, the study clarifies the current development status of China's commercial space industry, including accelerated large-scale development, steady improvement in innovation capabilities, gradual construction of industrial chains, and initial formation of global service capabilities. Additionally, it highlights the challenges faced, including the slow progress in core technology research and development, poor coordination mechanisms, the need to optimize the industrial development ecosystem, and increased difficulties in expanding into the international market. Furthermore, a technology–ecosystem–market integrated development strategy is proposed to precisely promote the high-quality development of China's commercial space industry. Specifically, it is recommended to strengthen the foundation to accelerate breakthroughs in core technologies, improve the ecosystem to enhance the overall space capabilities, leverage the market to promote large-scale integrated applications, and inherit space systems engineering while empowering space development with digital intelligence.
Positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) serves as a fundamental component of national critical spatiotemporal infrastructure and a cornerstone of national security. It provides essential support for promoting new-quality productive forces and combat capabilities in emerging domains, while also becoming a strategic high ground contested by major powers. As global PNT governance enters a pivotal period of regulatory transformation, a significant window of opportunity has opened for China to deepen its engagement in international PNT rule-making and strengthen its voice in global governance. This study examines the strategic importance of PNT, surveys the evolving legal and regulatory landscapes in the United States, the European Union, and China, and analyzes major trends in the evolution of international PNT rules, including the transition from technology-oriented regulation to comprehensive governance, from single-system dependence to multi-source integration, from Earth-based applications to cislunar, deep-space, and deep-sea domains, and from rule-making dominated by a few major powers to broader multi-stakeholder participation. Based on this analysis, the study proposes that China should accelerate the development of a comprehensive PNT legal and regulatory framework, strengthen security risk prevention mechanisms, promote the internationalization of PNT standards, and engage more proactively in the formulation of international PNT rules. These measures will enhance China's discourse power in global PNT governance and provide stronger legal support for safeguarding national spatiotemporal security and advancing the high-quality development of the national comprehensive PNT system.
Currently, autonomous driving is advancing along two mainstream paths: the "individual-vehicle intelligence, vehicle‒cloud collaboration" path led by Europe and the United States, and the "vehicle-to-infrastructure cooperation, vehicle‒road‒cloud integration" path with Chinese characteristics. Both paths have their district features and advantages. This study outlines the development trajectory and industrial progress of autonomous driving, highlighting its evolution from conventional approaches based on rules and deep learning toward a direction driven by world models. Propelled by end-to-end models and vision‒language‒action integration, autonomous driving is advancing into a new era of cognitive intelligence. Leveraging its system advantages, China has established an overall architecture for vehicle‒road‒cloud integration, preliminarily forming an intelligent transportation solution tailored to China's national conditions. Looking ahead, with the deep integration of the vehicle‒road‒cloud architecture with emerging technologies such as large language models and generative artificial intelligence, autonomous driving will enter a new stage characterized by autonomous intelligence and human‒machine collaboration. Furthermore, the study analyzes the key issues and future development paths for autonomous driving from the dimensions of technological innovation, education, national policies, international perspectives, industrial status, and development trends, and proposes recommendations including strengthening independent innovation in core technologies, accelerating the intelligent development of infrastructure, improving the industrial support system, and establishing social mechanisms for industrial development.
With the accelerated application of unmanned swarms to multidimensional domains such as space, air, ground, sea, and underwater, intelligent collaborative technologies for cross-domain heterogeneous unmanned swarms have emerged as a focal point for future unmanned systems. This study analyzes the research status as well as domestic and international development trends of typical application scenarios, including aerial, ground, aquatic, and cross-domain heterogeneous unmanned swarms. Subsequently, it summarizes core technologies of cross-domain heterogeneous unmanned swarms. These technologies involve cross-domain communication and network architectures (including cross-domain swarms wired and wireless communication, and dynamic ad-hoc network architecture), cross-domain collaborative perception and information fusion (including heterogeneous data processing and spatiotemporal registration, and distributed information fusion architecture), cross-domain collaborative decision-making and task planning (including task decomposition and model-based representation, heterogeneous resource allocation and dynamic re-planning, and game-theoretic decision-making and confrontation), cross-domain collaborative control and formation (including cooperative control law design and heterogeneous dynamics, cross-domain formation keeping and formation switching, and swarm consensus and stability analysis), as well as swarm intelligence and emergent behaviors (including behavioral rule modeling and local interaction mechanisms, and swarm cognition, learning, and higher-level emergence). Moreover, major technical bottlenecks are identified, namely constrained cross-domain communication resources, difficulties in information fusion for situational awareness, weak interpretability of cooperative decisions, insufficient stability of heterogeneous dynamic control, and challenges in dynamic regulation of emergent behaviors. Additionally, from the perspectives of individual intelligence enhancement and swarm system evolution, this study highlights the importance of breakthroughs in highly reliable and adaptive cross-domain communication networks, improvement in swarm edge intelligence, in-depth research on task-driven self-organization and emergence mechanisms of swarms, as well as construction of autonomous collaboration and swarm intelligent decision-making systems with learning and evolutionary capabilities. This study aims to provide solutions for building a highly autonomous and standardized cross-domain intelligent collaborative system, and contribute to the theoretical development, technological breakthroughs, and engineering implementation in future unmanned systems.
As a core frontier of next-generation artificial intelligence, emergent intelligence in unmanned swarms achieves efficient collaboration and intelligent enhancement through biomimetic self-organization and local interactions, demonstrating significant potentials in both military and civilian domains. However, the reliability issues arising from emergence remain a critical bottleneck limiting its operational effectiveness. Guided by the practical need for unmanned swarm systems to evolve from functional realization to reliable emergence, this study analyzes their cross-layer coupling characteristics. Considering multiple constraints in complex dynamic environments, it outlines the emergent reliability issues and technical challenges across communication, perception, and behavioral layers. Based on a three-layer analytical framework of "information communication‒perceptual interaction‒swarm behavior", this study constructs a research system for the reliability of emergent intelligence. Furthermore, it progressively advances from exploring intrinsic mechanisms and evaluating emergence metrics to analyzing system reliability, proposing a new paradigm of reliability systems engineering for emergent intelligence, characterized by "theoretical modeling‒mechanism design‒evaluation and verification". This provides systematic theoretical, technical support and engineering solution references for the large-scale, reliable application of intelligent unmanned swarms in complex mission scenarios.
With the rapid development of the low-altitude economy and the increasing proliferation of unmanned aircraft system (UAS) technologies,low-altitude security issues have become increasingly prominent. UAS possessing low, slow, and small characteristics, if used illegally in sensitive areas, will pose a severe threat to public safety, aviation order, and even national security. Therefore, developing efficient and reliable low-altitude counter-UAS technologies has become a critical support for ensuring the healthy development of the low-altitude economy. This study reviews the development status of counter-UAS technologies. It first sorts out non-cooperative airspace surveillance technologies, including radar, radio frequency signal monitoring, optic identification, and acoustic detection, summarizing the principles, advantages, and limitations of various sensing methods. Moreover, it explores the current research status of enhancing sensing capabilities through multi-sensor information fusion. Subsequently, from the perspective of cyber-physical systems, the study evaluates the technical characteristics and application challenges of counter-UAS measures at both a physical layer (e.g., lasers, microwaves, net capture, drone collision) and a cyber layer (e.g., communication jamming, GNSS spoofing, acoustic interference). The study indicates that current low-altitude counter-UAS technologies still face challenges in terms of detection and response. To address these challenges, this study proposes recommendations from a technological development perspective, including the adaption of sensing technologies to specific scenarios, pilot deployment of networked low-altitude surveillance equipment, optimization of counter-UAS measure combinations, in-depth research on counter-UAS mechanisms, risk management during counter-UAS operations, and multi-platform collaboration. This study aims to provide a reference for the development of low-altitude counter-UAS technologies through a systematic review, thereby contributing to the establishment of a safe, reliable, and efficient low-altitude security system and ensuring the sustained development of the low-altitude economy.
The integration of industrial, innovation, capital, and talent chains (i.e., four-chain integration) has become a key driver of high-quality development in the intelligent connected vehicle (ICV) industry. In recent years, China's ICV industry has made remarkable progress; however, the process of achieving four-chain integration continues to face coordination challenges at both factor and organizational levels. As a new form of innovation organization, innovation consortia may contribute to the deep integration of the four chains. Drawing on practical challenges regarding four-chain integration in the ICV industry, and integrating insights from the organization theory, transaction cost theory, and related theoretical perspectives, this study uses the China Industry Innovation Alliance for the Intelligent and Connected Vehicles (CAICV) and the Huawei ICV innovation consortium as representative cases to explore the theoretical mechanisms through which innovation consortia facilitate four-chain integration. Specifically, the enabling mechanisms operate at three levels. At the strategic positioning level, innovation consortia align with national strategies and industrial development demands. At the operational model level, they promote deep coordination between the industrial and innovation chains by improving the "problem posing ‒ problem solving ‒ feedback" mechanism. At the governance structure level, they mobilize financial and talent resources through diversified funding mechanisms and university ‒ industry collaboration. Building on these insights, and in response to the practical requirements for vehicle ‒ road ‒ cloud integrated development of ICVs during the 15th Five-Year Plan period, this study further proposes policy recommendations from three perspectives: strengthening ecosystem construction, enhancing internal organizational capabilities, and improving policy guidance and support. These recommendations aim to provide valuable implications for enhancing the overall competitiveness of China's ICV industry.
Harmony between man and nature is the core essence of building a Beautiful China. During the 15th Five-Year period, the construction of a Beautiful China enters a crucial phase that bridges past efforts with future goals, aiming to achieve fundamental improvement in the ecological environment. This demands higher standards for biodiversity conservation. This study summarizes the current status of biodiversity conservation in China and examines the primary pressures and challenges that biodiversity conservation will face during the 15th Five-Year Plan period. Aligning these efforts with the strategic goals of a Beautiful China and implementing the "Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework," the study proposes a new-era action framework for biodiversity conservation across three dimensions: temporal sequence, spatial pattern, and social governance. The framework introduces differentiated biodiversity-conservation strategies for the eastern, central, western, and northeastern regions of China, along with a collaborative governance pathway engaging government, enterprises, and the public. To achieve the goal of building a Beautiful China where man and nature coexist in harmony, the study recommend strengthening biodiversity conservation in the following key areas during the 15th Five-Year period: enhancing the coordinated governance of biodiversity conservation alongside pollution and carbon reduction; deepening mechanisms for the sustainable utilization and equitable benefit-sharing of biodiversity; mainstreaming biodiversity considerations into policies and practices; and implementing a series of landmark conservation projects. These efforts aim to support the high-quality development of a Beautiful China through high-standard conservation, thereby improving China's biodiversity governance capacity and solidifying the natural ecological foundation for the construction of a Beautiful China.
With the municipal solid waste treatment system shifting from end-of-pipe landfilling to reduction, resource recycling, and systematic governance, the demand for managing existing municipal solid waste landfills becomes increasingly prominent. However, significant differences exist among landfills in different regions and of various types in terms of environmental risks, governance objectives, and implementation conditions. This study reviews the developmental trajectory, spatial distribution patterns, evolution of governance policies, and governance approaches of municipal solid waste landfills in China, and analyzes the governance constraints and differentiated needs of landfills across different regions and types. The study suggests that the governance of municipal solid waste landfills should take into account regional differences, type-specific differences, and differences in development stages. Relying solely on the "one landfill, one policy" approach is insufficient to meet the requirements of national-level coordinated governance. Accordingly, this study recommends optimizing governance priorities and resource allocation based on regional differences, strengthening tailored measures to achieve precise matching between governance pathways and landfill types, and exploring the concept of "dynamic compensation of pollutants in municipal solid waste landfills" to promote an overall reduction in the environmental load of regional landfill systems. The findings can provide a reference for optimizing China's municipal solid waste landfill governance policies and improving its differentiated governance system.
The report to the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China clearly proposed to "build a diversified food supply system." Against the backdrop of population growth, tightening resource constraints, and continuous upgrading of residents' food consumption structure, the greater food approach provides new ideas for ensuring food security in the context of a large population and limited land and agricultural conditions. This study aims to systematically analyze the current situation and potentials of China's diversified food supply system under the greater food approach, identify the challenges faced in development, and propose basic ideas and suggestions for constructing a diversified food supply system. Research has found that China's production capacity for grain, cash crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, aquatic products, and forest and grass foods has significantly increased over the long term. However, it still faces multiple challenges such as tightening resource constraints, imbalanced supply and demand structures, high dependence on imported protein feed, and insufficient development of forest and grass resources. Nevertheless, through the exploration of spatial potentials between cultivated and non-cultivated land, utilization of non-grain feed resources, optimization of planting and breeding structures, and graded development of forest and grass resources, major food categories have significant potentials for increased production in the future. Therefore, this study proposes the basic idea of constructing a diversified food supply system that should be demand-oriented, adhere to food security and ecological protection, and promote the expansions of space, resources, and industries. The research suggests that we should optimize the structure and spatial layout of food production, strengthen scientific and technological empowerment, expand the boundaries of food sources, and improve the risk management system, thus to improve the diversity, stability, and sustainability of China's food supply system, and provide a solid support for strengthening the agricultural and healthcare sectors of China.
As an important source of non-cropland food, forest-based foods are playing an increasingly significant role in safeguarding national food security, optimizing dietary and nutritional structures, and advancing the Healthy China strategy. Based on a systematic review of the current spatial utilization of forest food production in China, this study finds that forest-based food production exhibits a spatial pattern of "robust development in the south, expansion the north, superior quality in the east, and specialization in the west," and that this pattern demonstrates a multi-level regional division of labor. Overall,the sector is transitioning from spatial expansion toward functional coordination. However, several challenges remain in the spatial coordination of forest-based food production, including inadequate systemic coordination, unbalanced regional development, unclear layout planning, and intensifying ecological constraints. In light of major national strategies such as the holistic food approach and key ecological initiatives like the Three-North shelterbelt forest program, and drawing upon the resource endowment, regional comparative advantage, and ecological carrying capacity theories, this study proposes a "Seven Zones‒Three Belts‒Three Domains" layout, along with its rationale and specific zoning plans, for the coordinated utilization of forest food production space in China. It is suggested to strengthen top-level planning to optimize the forest food production space, implement projects for quality improvement and efficiency enhancement of industrial chains to elevate high-value utilization, and reinforce ecological risk control to bolster the industry's risk resistance capacity. These measures aim to optimize the spatial layout for forest food production, improve forest food supply capacity, and better support national food security and ecological security strategies.
Animal husbandry is a fundamental industry vital to the national economy and people's livelihood. As global animal husbandry advances toward green and intelligent development, expediting the construction of smart livestock farms has emerged as a key to promoting the high-quality development of China's animal husbandry. This study analyzes the macro-level policy deployment and technological gaps of smart livestock farms in China and abroad, summarizes the digital and intelligent technology framework of animal husbandry, and clarifies development trends of smart livestock farms, including data-driven transformation across the entire industrial chain, rapid advancement of high-end breeding equipment, and multidisciplinary integration enabling industry transformation. Moreover, it reviews the overall situation of China's animal husbandry, involving standardized large-scale livestock farming, smart breeding equipment, feed formulation software, large model technologies for livestock breeding, and practices of agricultural technology enterprises. The study also identifies several problems existing in the development of smart livestock farms in China, such as the lack of standardized technical references for smart farm construction, insufficient integration of key technologies and equipment with animal husbandry practices, and low digital literacy among traditional livestock-breeding entities. On this basis, it outlines a strategic blueprint for the development of China's smart livestock farms by 2040, and proposes key technological breakthroughs in the following areas: intelligent design breeding and smart reproduction of livestock and poultry; intelligent monitoring and control equipment for livestock breeding environments; smart breeding equipment and robots; risk prediction, early warning, and intelligent prevention and control of major epidemics and diseases; development and utilization of artificial intelligence large models for animal husbandry; and integrated application and demonstration of green, intelligent, and efficient farming. Meanwhile, a smart livestock farm construction framework covering intelligent technology configuration, key scenario coverage, and scale adaptability systems is proposed, alongside with application breakthroughs to be achieved in sectors including live pigs, poultry, dairy cows, and beef cattle. These efforts aim to substantially improve the development quality of the animal husbandry and boost China's strength in agricultural development.
Advanced bio-liquid represent a critical complementary pathway for achieving deep decarbonization in the transportation sector, and hold significant strategic values particularly in sectors that are difficult to electrify, such as aviation, shipping, and certain heavy-duty transportation. This study systematically analyzes the development positioning, resource base, technical pathways, and emission reduction potentials of advanced bio-liquid fuels in China. It assesses the reserves of non-food biomass resources, such as waste oils/fats and lignocellulosic biomass, as well as the development prospects of major technical pathways, including biodiesel, Fischer-Tropsch fuels, alcohol-based jet fuel, and bio-methanol. The study indicates that the use of advanced bio-liquid fuels could reduce emissions by approximately 2.34 ×108 tCO2 by 2060. Among these, the contribution of road transportation to emission reductions will gradually decline as electrification progresses, while sustainable aviation fuels and low-carbon marine fuels will become key avenues for future emissions reductions in the transportation sector. Although waste oils/fats offer advantages for near-term deployment, their resource scale is limited. In the medium to long term, efforts must gradually expand toward lignocellulosic and synthetic fuel pathways. In the future, China needs to establish mechanisms for feedstock supply, life-cycle carbon accounting, and green fuel markets to promote the coordinated development of advanced biofuels with electrification and hydrogen energy, thereby providing support for deep decarbonization in the transportation sector.
The global shipbuilding industry is undergoing a profound transformation characterized by digitalization, networking, and intelligence. Developing intelligent shipbuilding equipment and advancing its industrialization are crucial for boosting China's strength in manufacturing and marine development. This study clarifies the basic concept and strategic value of intelligent shipbuilding equipment and its industrialization, and summarizes international trends, including the integration of design, manufacturing, and management; systemic integration of next-generation information technologies; and shift toward green, flexible, and collaborative development. It also sorts out the current domestic development status from two dimensions: progress in supply chain localization, and evolution of the industrial ecosystem toward diversified collaboration. Focusing on basic technological capabilities, intelligent equipment supply capabilities, and production line system integration capabilities, the study reviews the foundational conditions for the development of intelligent shipbuilding equipment and its industrialization in China, and identifies development challenges at four levels: equipment capabilities, system integration, industrial ecosystem, and shipyard application. Furthermore, the study elaborates on the two-step strategic goals and corresponding key tasks, expounds on the main technological development directions for the three major links of hull construction, outfitting, and coating, and proposes a three-stage application path for intelligent shipbuilding equipment in large shipyards: automation retrofitting of preceding processes, robotic replacement and flexible upgrading of key processes, and system integration with digital twin applications. Concerted efforts should be made from four aspects: transformation of equipment suppliers, shipbuilding enterprise-led upgrades, industrial ecosystem and policy support, as well as standards system and talent support, so as to precisely promote the high-quality development of intelligent shipbuilding equipment and its industrialization in China.
Driven by rapid urbanization and climate change, urban safety is increasingly confronted with systemic risks. These cross-domain, cross-boundary, and cross-system risks in complex urban systems fundamentally challenge traditional risk prevention and control paradigms based on fragmented management approaches, thereby necessitating the development of adaptive systematic prevention and control methodologies and technological systems. This study first identifies major challenges, including the varied spatiotemporal distribution of urban disaster risks, insufficient understanding of system complexity, inadequate linkage between early warning and emergency response, and the superficial application of digital and intelligent technologies. Based on this, it proposes a "risk perception‒disaster evolution‒early warning and response" entire-chain prevention and control framework, together with development objectives in terms of mechanism understanding, forecasting technologies, early warning capabilities, and integrated prevention and control systems. Furthermore, several key scientific issues are identified, including the coupled risk evolution mechanisms among extreme hazards, infrastructure systems, and social systems; methods for dynamic risk prediction, assessment, and critical threshold identification under extreme events; and systematic approaches for collaborative risk prevention and governance. The study further proposes key technological directions, including the coupled evolution mechanisms among extreme hazards, infrastructure systems, and social systems; an extreme disaster simulator integrating digital twin systems and social system models; theories for precise risk prevention and governance; and intelligent human‒machine collaborative platforms and applications for extreme disaster prevention and control. Using the extreme rainstorm event that occurred in Zhengzhou on July 20, 2021 as a reference scenario, we conduct a high-fidelity disaster simulation in Hefei, demonstrating the comprehensive simulation capability and scenario applicability of the proposed technical framework. Furthermore, the study looks ahead to future development directions in urban system coupled risk prevention and control, including entire-chain refined risk assessment, global systemic risk cognition, pre-event rehearsal-type decision support, intelligent collaborative risk governance, and cross-fusion research methods, thereby providing theoretical support and practical guidance for building urban safety and resilience systems.
The rapid evolution of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) has given rise to new safety challenges, making it urgent to develop risk assessment frameworks that can support precise governance. Drawing on the stressor‒exposure‒effect analytical paradigm grounded in ecological risk theory, this study conceptualizes GenAI as a stressor within a sociotechnical ecosystem and proposes a safety risk assessment framework comprising three core dimensions: algorithmic fidelity, technological dominance, and administrative governance capacity. It further develops a preliminary system of assessment indicators, providing a basis for translating the theoretical framework into an operational measurement tool. Within this framework, algorithmic fidelity is subdivided into cognitive fidelity (including both backward-looking and forward-looking fidelity) and affective fidelity. Technological dominance considers the penetration of infrastructure and the degree of user acceptance or reliance, while the administrative governance capacity is used to assess the macro-level regulatory capacity of governing authorities based on the policy arrangement approach. Taking clinical decision support in healthcare as an example, this study conducts an exploratory application of the proposed GenAI safety risk assessment framework. The analysis preliminarily illustrates the importance of backward-looking generative fidelity and informal penetration risk in specific contexts, as well as the framework's application logic and potential applicability. The study further discusses directions for methodological innovation and breakthroughs in future GenAI safety risk governance, including the construction of dynamic and computable models of risk evolution, development of intelligent and adaptive assessment and validation technologies, and promotion of scenario-oriented modular and differentiated assessment. Overall, the proposed safety risk assessment framework helps characterize the formation mechanisms and transmission pathways of GenAI risks, providing theoretical support and modular assessment tools for differentiated risk research across diverse application scenarios.