New-type electrochemical energy storage are key enabling technologies for building a new power system and achieving the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals. The performance of key materials directly determines the energy density, safety, lifespan, and cost-effectiveness of energy storage devices, and they hold irreplaceable strategic values for ensuring national energy security. This study focuses on three major new-type electrochemical energy storage systems (i.e., lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and flow batteries), and reviews the research progress on electrode, electrolyte, and separator materials, while proposing phased optimization roadmaps for the development of these different materials. Meanwhile, the study further focuses on common key issues in the field of material research and development (R&D). Given the complex and diverse nature of energy storage material systems, it analyzes bottlenecks in research framework planning, resource and environmental constraints, R&D models, and infrastructure platforms for the commercialization of research outcomes. The study proposes shifting from a decentralized approach to a systematic one by strengthening cross-system fundamental research and collaboration across the entire value chain; shifting from a performance-oriented approach to a full-lifecycle, green, and sustainable approach, incorporating resource availability, supply chain security, and environmental impact as core evaluation dimensions in the early stages of material R&D; transitioning from trial-and-error to data- and intelligence-driven approaches to build an independent "artificial intelligence + energy storage materials" R&D model; and moving from isolated laboratory innovation to end-to-end integration by establishing a technology commercialization mechanism that synergistically advances pilot-scale validation and standards testing, thereby promoting the high-quality development of key energy storage materials.