作为开展颠覆性技术创新的典范，美国国防高级研究计划局（DARPA）被越来越多的国家、政府部门和大型企业所追随，其争相参照DARPA模式开展颠覆性技术创新。但是，至今鲜有能与DARPA相匹配的成就，对于如何才能再建一个辉煌的DARPA还没有共识。从最近十几年各类主体模仿DARPA的实践经验来看，DARPA显性化的组织结构和运行机制是DARPA成功的基础，但不是精髓。本文从演化论的角度，分析了DARPA成长的历史过程，从成长环境、竞争态势、利益格局、价值追求等方面探讨了DARPA成功的原因。笔者认为DARPA的成功是与发展环境长期磨合、斗争的结果，坚定的信仰与初心、极低的本位主义、拆掉各种思想和利益之墙的格局、前瞻的战略视野是DARPA成功的重要支柱。通过DARPA的经验，本文认为要加快颠覆性技术的发展需要特殊的管理方式——“体外”特区。

As the leader of disruptive innovation, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DAPRA) is followed by more and more countries, governments, as well as large enterprises. They followed the DAPRA's model to set up innovation management. However, almost no achievement comparable with the DAPRA was realized, and no consensus was reached on how to rebuild another noble DARPA. Viewing the experience of many copies of the DARPA, the explicit structure and operation mechanism are the bases of DARPA's success, but not the core. This paper, from the perspective of evolutionary theory, analyses the history of the DARPA, and discusses its success factors in terms of growth environment, competitive situation, interest structure, value pursuit and so on. We conclude that DARPA's success comes from long-term struggle with its development environment, and a strong belief, low selfish departmentalism, a pattern without restrictions from ideas and interests, and a perspective strategic vision are the very important support. From the model of the DARPA, we believe that building a special zone out of the system for innovation management is the key to speed up the disruptive technological innovation.