高性能高分子复合材料因其优异的综合性能，成为国防与国民经济建设不可或缺的战略性关键材料，已在航空、航天、风力发电、轨道交通、汽车等领域进行应用，发展前景广阔。本文分析了我国发展高性能高分子复合材料的宏观需求，综述了高性能高分子复合材料中碳纤维、芳纶、高性能玻璃纤维等纤维增强体以及复合材料用高分子树脂基体如环氧树脂、酚醛树脂、特种树脂的发展现状及特点，研判了高性能高分子复合材料发展存在的问题以及今后发展的目标与任务。研究发现，碳纤维领域初步形成了从关键技术研发到工程化生产的产业化体系，材料向高性能和低成本双向发展；对位芳纶产业化初步成功；玻璃纤维则保持低速扩张；高性能高分子复合材料树脂基体产业则面临严峻的发展形势。基于发展需求，从注重自主创新、坚持需求牵引、重视产业链建设、加强人才培养与支持产业创新建设等方面提出了发展建议，以期为我国高性能高分子复合材料的发展提供参考借鉴。

High performance polymer composites have become an indispensable strategic material for national defense and economic development due to their excellent comprehensive properties. They have broad prospects for development since they have been widely applied in various fields such as aerospace, wind power generation, rail transit, and automobile. The macro development demand of China for high performance polymer composites is analyzed in this paper. The current status and characteristics of fiber reinforcement such as carbon fiber, aramid fiber, and high performance glass fiber as well as polymer resin matrix materials such as epoxy, phenolicresin, and special resin is reviewed. The existing problems and developing objective are also proposed. Specifically, an industrialization system including key technology research and engineering application for the carbon fiber has been established, allowing the carbon fiber industry to develop toward high performance and low cost. The industrial production of para-aramid fiber is preliminarily realized and the glass fiber industry has maintained a stable growth. However, the resin matrix materials for high performance polymer composites face a severe situation. Furthermore, suggestions are proposed based on the demand of development from the viewpoint of independent innovation, demand orientation, construction of industrial chain, personnel training, and industrial innovation, hoping to provide an effective reference for the development of high performance polymer composites in China.