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农田土壤抗生素污染管控建议
Suggestions for Management and Control of Antibiotics in Farmland Soil in China
抗生素在畜禽养殖业中发挥了重要保障作用，但畜禽粪便农用后伴生的抗生素耐药性传播风险日益显现，农田土壤抗生素及其耐药基因的风险管控工作亟待开展。本文总结了农田土壤中抗生素的污染现状，梳理了农田土壤中新兴污染物抗生素管控存在的问题，提出了农田土壤抗生素及其耐药基因的风险管控建议。研究发现，农田土壤抗生素及其耐药基因的污染风险不可忽视，但抗生素类新兴污染物尚未纳入土壤风险管控范围内。应设立严格的兽药应用监管机制，从养殖源头扼制风险的发生概率；制定有机肥中反映耐药性的控制标准，出台技术指南以规范含抗生素粪便的处置与施用，减少抗生素耐药基因进入环境的总量。同时加紧开展环境抗生素耐药性产生和转移的人类健康风险评估研究，实施农田土壤环境抗生素耐药常规监测，发挥风险评估在该类污染物风险管控工作中的作用。
Antibiotics are important for sustaining the livestock and poultry industry in China; however, duo to the agricultural utilization of livestock and poultry manure, the risk of antibiotic resistance transmission becomes increasingly prominent. Therefore, the risk control of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in the farmland soil becomes urgent in China. In this study, we summarizes the status of antibiotic pollution in the farmland soil in China, sorts out the problems regarding the management and control of emerging antibiotic pollutants in farmland soil, and proposes some measures for risk control of the antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes. This study reveals that the emerging antibiotic pollutants have not been included in soil risk management and more attention should be paid to the pollution risks of the antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes for the farmland soil. To this end, a strict veterinary drug regulatory mechanism should be established to control the risks from the source. Moreover, standards should be established for controlling antibiotic resistance in organic fertilizers, and technical guidelines should be created for regulating the treatment and application of antibiotics-containing manure, thus to reduce the amount of antibiotic resistance genes that enter into the environment. Meanwhile, human health risks caused by the generation and transfer of environmental antibiotic resistance should be assessed and studied and routine monitoring of antibiotic resistance in farmland soil should be conducted, thereby supporting the risk control of such pollutants using risk assessment.
抗生素 / 耐药基因 / 农田土壤 / 传播风险 / 管控对策
antibiotics / antibiotic resistance genes / farmland soil / transmission risk / management and control measures
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