关键矿产和材料是事关国民经济、国防建设、居民生活的基础原料，其供应链的稳定性意义重大。本文将矿产资源与材料产业进行关联，从资源勘查、采选、冶炼，材料加工、制造，产品回收等全产业链条的角度着手，分析了我国关键矿产及其材料产业的战略需求与发展现状；凝练了以产业链不畅通，资源端关键矿产供给不足，冶炼端耗能高、规模过大，材料端支撑保障能力不足、创新能力不强、产业基础薄弱，循环利用端发展滞后等问题。按照“找得着”（勘查）、“采得出”（采矿）、“用得上”（基础原材料制备）的基本思路，论证提出了2035 年“三步走”目标，并从采选、冶炼、基础原材料方面剖析了技术发展重点。系统提升国内矿产资源供给保障能力、全面提升新材料技术竞争力、畅通资源‒ 冶炼‒ 材料‒ 循环利用产业链，以此为重点举措来推动我国关键矿产及其材料产业供应链的高质量发展。

Critical minerals and materials are fundamental to national economy, national defense construction, and residents’ lives; therefore, it is of great significance to ensure the stability of their supply chain. This study associates mineral resources with the material industry and analyzes the strategic needs and development status of China’s key minerals and their raw material industries from the perspective of the entire industrial chain including resource exploration, mining, smelting, material processing, manufacturing, and product recycling. Moreover, problems are summarized including blocked industrial chain; insufficient supply of key minerals at the resource end; high energy consumption and excessive scale at the smelting end; insufficient support capacity, inadequate innovation ability, and weak industrial foundation at the material end; and lagging development at the recycling end.Focusing on exploration, mining, and basic raw material preparation, a three-step goal by 2035 is proposed, and technological development priorities are summarized from the aspects of mining, smelting, and basic raw materials. Furthermore, we propose suggestions for the high-quality development of China’s key minerals and material industry supply chain, including promoting the supply guarantee capacity of domestic mineral resources, improving the technical competitiveness of new materials, and unblocking the resource–smelting–material–recycling industrial chain.