天然气水合物开采技术研究现状与展望
Research Status and Prospects of Natural Gas Hydrate Exploitation Technology
天然气水合物是一种世界公认的最具潜力的清洁能源,目前我国对水合物的勘探开采研究正进入关键突破阶段,南海泥质粉砂天然气水合物成藏机理与赋存规律尚不明晰,开采过程水合物分解相变机制与安全、高效技术仍需进一步探明。本文重点介绍了包括降压开采、固态流化开采等在内的天然气水合物开采技术的研究与应用现状,并通过分析天然气水合物开采技术存在的问题给出了相应的发展建议。研究建议,推动天然气水合物、深部油气等多气源立体开采基础研究和重大工程;强化技术融合,推进理论与实践协同并进;推进天然气水合物中试尺度实验和多场耦合的数值模拟大科学平台建设;建立健全天然气水合物的相关标准等措施,以提升我国天然气水合物开采技术的研发水平和技术成熟度,以期早日实现天然气水合物的大规模商业化开发,服务于我国的能源安全战略。
Natural gas hydrate (NGH) is regarded worldwide as the most promising clean energy. Research on the exploration and exploitation of NGH has come to a stage of breakthrough in China. However, the accumulation mechanism and occurrence regularity of NGH from muddy silt in the South China Sea remain unclear, and the hydrate decomposition and phase transformation mechanisms during exploitation as well as safe and efficient technologies require further study. This study reviewed the research and application status of NGH exploitation technologies including depressurization and solid fluidization. Moreover, corresponding suggestions were proposed considering the existing problems regarding current NGH exploitation technologies. Specifically, basic research and major engineering should be promoted for multi-gas exploitation of NGH and deep oil and gas; technology innovation and integration should be strengthened to promote synergy between theory and practice; a numerical simulation big science platform should be established for pilot scale tests and multi-field coupling; and relevant standards need to be established and improved. This can improve the research level and technical maturity of NGH exploitation in China, facilitate its large-scale commercial development, and ensure energy security of China.
天然气水合物 / 开采技术 / 降压 / 固态流化 / 联合方法
natural gas hydrates(NGH) / exploitation technology / depressurization / solid fluidization / combined method
| 类型 | 成岩水合物 | 非成岩水合物 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 等级划分 | 第一级 | 第二级 | 第三级 | 第四级 | 第五级 | 第六级 |
| 储层骨架 | 水合物填充在骨架孔隙中,完全分解后岩石骨架稳定 | 水合物基本填充在岩石骨架孔隙中,完全分解后岩石骨架变形较小 | 水合物是岩石骨架的一部分,完全分解后岩石骨架变形较大 | 水合物构成骨架主体,完全分解后岩石骨架基本变形 | 水合物即是骨架,完全分解后岩石骨架坍塌 | 纯水合物 |
| 中值粒径及胶结方式 | 500 μm, 粗粒 | 250~500 μm,中粒 | 100~250 μm,细粒 | 50~100 μm,粗粒 | <50 μm,细粒 | — |
| 岩石比热/(J/K·kg) | <800 | 800~1200 | 1200~1600 | 1600~2000 | >2000 | |
| 水合物饱和度 | >0.6 | 0.5~0.6 | 0.3~0.5 | 0.1~0.3 | <0.1 | >0.9 |
| 孔隙度 | >0.6 | 0.5~0.6 | 0.4~0.5 | 0.3~0.4 | <0.3 | — |
| 渗透率 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 |
| 残余应力 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 | 试验测定 |
| 代表区域 | 麦索雅哈 | 日本爱知海 | 中国南海珠江口盆地 | 中国南海琼东南盆地 | ||
| 国外试采现状 | 国内试采现状 | 挑战和发展趋势 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 苏联麦索雅哈,1972—1989年 降压、注剂,断续生产17年,36%来自水合物分解 | 2017年,中国地质调查局在南海神狐海域进行了降压试采,试验为期60天,产气3×105 m3;2020年,试采30天,最高日产气3×104 m3 | 挑战: 持续生产难度大; 产量低; 试采时间短,安全风险尚未显现 发展趋势: 规模生产; 天然气水合物和常规油气联合开发; 探索安全、经济的开发工艺 | |
| 加拿大马更歇:美国地质调查局 | |||
| 2002年:注热盐水、降压 | 5天累计:470 m3 日产:94 m3 | ||
| 2007—2008年:降压 | 6天累计:13 000 m3 日产:2000~4000 m3 | ||
| 美国阿拉斯加北坡:康菲石油公司 2012年:CO2置换开发,CO2/N2(23%/77%) 注入气体:6110 m3,生产约30天:24 197 m3,日产峰值:4955 m3 | 2017年5月,中国海洋石油集团有限公司采用自主研制装备和技术,成功实施海洋非成岩天然气水合物固态流化试采 | ||
| 日本爱知海:日本产业技术综合研究所 | |||
| 2013年:降压 | 6天累产气1.2×105 m3,出砂堵塞等 | ||
| 2017年5月:降压 | 12天累产气3.5×104 m3,出砂堵塞,中断产气 | ||
| 2017年6—7月:降压 | 24天累产气2×104 m3 | ||
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