全面贯彻实施新修订的《中华人民共和国水污染防治法》对打好污染防治攻坚战和建设美丽中国具有重要意义。本文首先评估了水污染防治法2018 年1 月1 日施行以来取得的八个方面成效，在此基础上剖析了水污染防治法实施中存在的问题，主要体现在水环境管理体制机制、水污染执法监管、饮用水水源保护和地下水污染防治、水污染防治主要工作四个方面。对此，提出了近期亟需加强的四方面对策措施，通过以流域统筹、完善河长制考核和水环境质量改善为总抓手，在管理体系、执法能力、水源保护和污染防治四个方面形成系统性合力，深入推进工业废水达标排放、城镇管网截污治理、市政污泥资源化处理处置、农村污水低碳经济处理和农村面源污染防治，强化依法治水和科学治水。

The newly revised Law of the People’s Republic of China on Prevention and Control of Water Pollution is crucial for pollution prevention and control in China. In this paper, we first review the achievements of the law in eight aspects since its implementation on January 1, 2018. Subsequently, we analyze the issues in implementing the law from four perspectives: (1) water environment management system and mechanism, (2) supervision over water pollution law enforcement, (3) drinking water source protection and groundwater pollution prevention, and (4) water pollution prevention and control. Accordingly, four countermeasures are proposed from the aspects of management system, law enforcement capabilities, water source protection, and pollution prevention. Specifically, efforts should be put into coordinated watershed management, river chief system perfection, and water quality improvement, thus to promote the up-to-standard discharge of industrial wastewater, pollutant interception and treatment of municipal pipe networks, recycling of municipal activated sludge, low-carbon and economical treatment of rural sewage, and rural non-point source pollution prevention.