随着列车运营速度不断提升、配属规模及车辆种类不断扩展，加之受长交路、多物理场耦合等复杂服役环境的影响，高速列车安全保障及经济运维的要求持续提高；高速列车健康监测与管理技术的研究与应用，为中国高速铁路的长距离、大规模、高密度运营提供了关键支撑。本文阐述了健康监测与管理对高速列车的重要价值，回顾了近20年中国高速列车健康监测与管理的发展历程：从安全监控到关键系统健康监测，再到一体化、全寿命周期的运维管理；总结了列车全方位状态监测、精准评估与诊断预测、车辆远程运维服务、智能运维决策支持等方面的重大技术突破。进一步展望了广域全过程适应性、列车数据/计算资源一体化管理与应用、基于健康监测与管理的列车设计、车–线–站一体化智能运维等未来发展方向，以期应对中国高速铁路面临的高效安全运维、深度降本降耗等发展挑战，推动中国高速列车技术持续领先。

Higher requirements have been imposed for the safety and economical operation and maintenance (O&M) of high-speed trains as a result of increasing operating speed, number of train sets in service, and vehicle types as well as complex service conditions such as long routing and multi-physics coupling. The research and application of prognostics and health management (PHM) technology in the field of high-speed trains provides important technical support for the steady operation of China's high-speed trains over long distance, on large scale, and in high density. This study presents the significance of PHM for high-speed trains and reviews the development process of high-speed train PHM in China, which has evolved from the initial safety monitoring to breakthroughs in health monitoring technologies of key systems and then the current integrated lifecycle O&M management in the past two decades. It further summarizes the major technical breakthroughs in four aspects, namely, comprehensive train condition monitoring, accurate assessment and diagnosis prediction, vehicle remote O&M services, and intelligent O&M decision support. In the face of the future challenges of efficient and safe O&M, substantial cost reduction, and consumption reduction of China's high-speed trains, suggestions are proposed in the following aspects: wide-area and entire-process adaptability, centralized management and application of train data and computing resources, train design based on PHM, and train–line–station integrated intelligent O&M, so as to promote China's high-speed train technology to maintain a lead.