水资源是基本的自然资源、战略性的经济资源，对于黄河流域而言更是攸关上、中、下游农业高质量发展与生态保护的核心要素；在实施“黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展”国家战略的背景下，提高水资源利用效率并优化分配具有重要意义。本文围绕黄河流域农田水分高效利用和可持续发展，遵循流域系统水文学研究方法和大食物观理念，立足农业高质量发展过程中水资源优化配置的理论与技术，探讨了农田水文过程的机理及用水效率提升、农业与生态的水资源优化配置、水 – 粮食 – 生态协同优化、农业信息化体系建设等方面的发展挑战与应对策略。从水循环的视角全面审视了黄河全流域农业节水和水资源配置能力，可为黄河流域农业水土资源优化配置、农业高质量发展与生态保护协同等提供基础支撑。

Water resources are basic natural and economic resources of strategic significance and are vital for the high-quality agricultural development and ecological protection of the Yellow River Basin. To implement the national strategy of ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin, it is significant to improve the use efficiency and allocation of water resources in the basin. This study focuses on the high-efficiency utilization and sustainable development of agricultural water resources, adopts the research methods of systematic hydrology, and adheres to an all-encompassing approach to food. Based on the theories and technologies for the optimal allocation of water resources in the process of high-quality agricultural development, it explores the mechanism for the hydrologic process of farmlands and investigates the challenges faced in terms of water use efficiency improvement, optimal allocation of agricultural and ecological water resources, collaborative optimization of water, food, and ecosystem, and construction of farmland information systems. Countermeasures are further proposed. This study reviews the agricultural water-saving and water resource allocation capabilities of the whole Yellow River Basin from a water cycle perspective and is expected to provide basic support for the optimal allocation of land and water resources, high-quality agricultural development, and ecological protection collaboration in the Yellow River Basin.