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PDF(1844 KB)
PDF(1844 KB)
铂族金属循环利用技术开发现状及展望
Recycling of Platinum Group Metals: Development Status and Prospect
铂族金属（PGMs）是汽车、石化、能源、国防装备等领域不可或缺的战略性金属资源，但PGMs矿产资源极度匮乏，供需矛盾突出；开展PGMs循环利用是保障PGMs安全供应、支撑关联产业高质量发展的重要举措。本文分析了PGMs的供给和应用情况，明确了当前PGMs市场的供需态势；全面梳理了PGMs湿法回收（含氰化法、盐酸+氧化剂工艺），火法回收（含铅捕集、铜捕集、锍捕集、铁捕集工艺）的技术特征与应用情况；着重从焙烧 ‒ 浸出、铁捕集 ‒ 酸浸、低温铁捕集 ‒ 电解 ‒ 离心萃取工艺等方面阐述了PGMs火法 ‒ 湿法联合回收技术的研发与应用进展。其中，低温铁捕集 ‒ 电解 ‒ 离心萃取成套工艺延续了低温铁捕集研究思路，通过低熔点渣型设计将铁捕集温度由1800 ℃以上降至约1400 ℃，富集得到Fe-PGMs合金后经电解进一步富集PGMs，再经离心萃取提纯依次得到Pd、Pt、Rh，实现了短流程分离提纯PGMs，具有绿色、高效、低成本的诸多优点。着眼PGMs循环利用产业高质量发展，建议围绕“PGMs富集、分离提纯、污染防控”全流程开展基础研究和技术攻关，加快建设PGMs循环利用全链条标准体系和绿色低碳的产业生态环境，全面开展业务流程的“互联网+”能力建设以实现“回收 ‒ 处理 ‒ 再利用”全流程的智能化。
Platinum group metals (PGMs) are indispensable for the automobile, petrochemical, energy, and national defense industries. However, the mineral resources of PGMs are extremely scarce in China, and the contradiction is prominent between the supply and demand of the resources. Therefore, recycling PGMs becomes an important measure to ensure the safe supply of PGMs and support the high-quality development of related industries. This study analyzes the supply and application of PGMs, clarifies the supply and demand trend of the PGMs market, and sorts out the recycling technologies of PGMs. The hydrometallurgical process includes cyanidation as well as hydrogen chloride combined oxidant method. The pyrometallurgical process includes capture by lead, copper, matte, and iron. The research and application of the pyro-hydro-metallurgical recycling process for PGMs are elaborated from the aspects of the roasting-leaching, iron capture-acid leaching, and low-temperature iron capture-electrolysis-centrifugal extraction processes. The low-temperature iron capture-electrolysis-centrifugal extraction process follows the research idea of low-temperature iron capture. Through the design of slags with a low melting point, the iron capture temperature is reduced from beyond 1800 ℃ to around 1400 ℃. The enriched Fe-PGM alloy is further enriched by electrolysis, and Pd, Pt, and Rh are successively obtained through centrifugal extraction and purification, realizing the short-process separation and purification of PGMs. This process has the advantages of green, high efficiency, and low cost. Focusing on the high-quality development of the PGM recycling industry, we propose the following suggestions: (1) conducting basic research and technical breakthroughs centering the entire process of PGM enrichment, separation and purification, as well as pollution prevention and control; (2) accelerating the construction of a full-chain standards system for PGM recycling and a green and low-carbon industrial ecological environment; and (3) improving the Internet Plus capabilities through the entire business links to realize the intellectualization of the whole recycling-processing-reuse process.
铂族金属 / 循环利用 / 低温铁捕集 ‒ 电解 ‒ 离心萃取 / 联合工艺
platinum group metals / recycling / low-temperature iron capture-electrolysis-centrifugal extraction / combined process
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