能源系统脱碳是实现碳中和的关键，开展能源系统低碳转型需要在一次能源供应、能源加工与转化、能源终端消费等方面大规模地运用低碳能源技术。本文从低碳能源系统优化分析的角度出发，按照一次能源、二次能源、终端用能的分类，梳理了各类能源利用技术的发展现状并展望了未来趋势，进一步分析了能源利用技术在我国低碳能源系统中的应用前景与布局挑战。研究认为：太阳能发电、风力发电作为增长最快的可再生能源类型，将在能源供给环节持续发挥重要作用；生物质利用需要系统评估各类转换技术，促成生物质资源的跨行业优化分配；氢能、储能等二次能源亟需突破材料、性能、寿命等方面的技术瓶颈，追求低的系统成本与规模化应用；终端用能技术未来将以电气化为核心，依赖输配电系统的安全稳定转型与有效扩容。未来的能源系统低碳转型还需关注不同能源技术的协调发展，妥善处理技术因素与市场、制度、社会等非技术因素的协同关系，推动能源系统加速脱碳。

Energy decarbonization is essential for achieving carbon neutrality. To facilitate the low-carbon transition of the energy system, extensive utilization of low-carbon energy technologies is crucial across various sectors, including primary energy supply, energy processing and conversion, and end-use consumption. This study provides a comprehensive overview of the current status and future trends of key energy utilization technologies from the perspective of low-carbon energy system analysis and optimization. We analyze the application prospects and layout challenges of energy utilization technologies in China's path toward carbon neutrality from multiple dimensions. Our study highlights the following points: Wind and solar energy, as the fastest-growing renewable energy sources, will continue to play a crucial role in energy supply. The utilization of biomass resources requires systematic evaluation of different conversion technologies, optimizing the allocation of biomass resources across industries. Utilization technologies of secondary energies such as hydrogen and energy storage face challenges related to materials, performance, and lifespan. Overcoming these technical bottlenecks is necessary to achieve low-cost and scalable system applications. Future end-use energy utilization technologies will focus on electrification, which depends on the secure and stable transformation and expansion of electricity distribution systems. Achieving low-carbon transformation in the energy system requires balancing the coordinated development of different energy technologies while addressing non-technical factors such as market dynamics, institutional frameworks, and societal acceptance, ultimately accelerating the decarbonization process.