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西南地区农业水资源利用及雨水资源高效调控技术路径研究
鲍玉海, 贺秀斌, 尹飞虎, 伍巧, 龚道枝, 崔宁博
中国工程科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 26 ›› Issue (6) : 169-180.
PDF(1081 KB)
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西南地区农业水资源利用及雨水资源高效调控技术路径研究
Current Situation of Agricultural Water Resource Utilization and Technology Path for the Efficient Regulation Rainwater Resources in Southwestern China
西南地区降水时空分布不均，季节性干旱、工程性缺水与水土流失问题突出，雨水资源高效调控是该区域水土流失治理与农业抗旱防旱的关键举措，对保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。本文系统梳理了包括云南省、贵州省、四川省、重庆市在内的西南地区水资源特征及农业干旱特点，总结了农业水资源开发利用的现状及存在问题，阐述了西南地区雨水资源高效调控的基本特征、具体技术路径及主要措施。研究发现，西南地区水资源丰富但时空分布不均，农业供水保证率亟待提高，自然水系、人工水网与坡面雨水资源集蓄利用工程的互联互通和协同互济能力不够，水资源时空调配能力弱。研究建议，加强大中型水库和“五小水利”工程建设、研发分区分类的地表径流调控技术体系、推进生态清洁小流域建设、推广农田高效节水灌溉技术体系、强化雨水资源集蓄利用模型开发、完善“建管运”长效机制、强化农村小型水利工程建设科技支撑，为缓解西南地区农业干旱、增加农业水资源供给、优化水资源调配和粮食生产提供技术支撑。
Southwestern China is prone to drought hazards due to rainfall patterns shift, leading to water scarcity for engineering purposes, crop devastation, and ecosystem destruction. The effective management of rainwater resources is crucial for addressing these issues and mitigate agricultural effects induced by drought, which is vital for ensuring national food security. This study reviews the water resource characteristics and agricultural drought patterns across Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Chongqing in Southwestern China, and examines the fundamental characteristics, specific technical approaches, and primary measures of an efficient rainwater regulation and control system in this region. Results of the study indicates that the spatiotemporal distribution of water resources is uneven in Southwestern China and the reliability of agricultural water supply urgently needs further improvement. This is due to a lack of integration among natural water systems, artificial water networks, and rainwater harvesting projects on slopes, which hinders the efficient allocation of water resources across different periods and regions. To address these challenges, it is recommended to (1) enhance the construction of large and medium-sized reservoirs and implement "five types of small water conservancy" projects, (2) develop surface runoff control technologies for different regions and environments, (3) promote ecological and clean small-watersheds management, (4) expand the adoption of water-saving irrigation technologies in agriculture, (5) establish models for utilizing rainwater resources, (6) improve sustainable mechanisms for infrastructure construction, management, and operation, and (7) provide technological support for small water conservancy projects in rural areas. These efforts will provide critical technical support to alleviate agricultural drought impacts, increase agricultural water supply, optimize water distribution, and maintain food security in Southwestern China.
雨水资源 / 集雨利用 / 季节性干旱 / 旱地 / 西南地区
rainwater resources / rainwater collection and utilization / seasonal drought / dryland / Southwestern China
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