对中国铀矿采冶工业的发展作了全面的回顾，重点介绍了中国铀矿地浸、堆浸、原地爆破浸出技术的研究进展与应用水平；在对中国铀矿采冶形势和存在的问题分析的基础上，结合矿床资源的特点，指出了中国铀矿采冶技术发展的方向。21世纪中国铀矿冶工业面临新的发展机遇和挑战，只有开发新的采、选、冶技术，提高铀资源的利用水平，减少铀矿采冶对环境的影响，才能实现铀矿冶的可持续发展和经济与环境的协调发展。

The development of industry of uranium mining and metallurgy in China has been reviewed generally, emphasizing investigation approaches and application levels of uranium mining technologies such as in-situ leaching and heap leaching, stope leaching.On the basis of analysis on status of uranium mining and metallurgy and problems are existed, also considering the specific features of deposit resources, the development orientation of uranium mining and metallurgy in China is pointed out. The industry of China uranium mining and metallurgy is faced to new opportunity of development and challenge in 21th century, and the only way to realize sustainable development of uranium mining and metallurgy and harmonious development between economy and environment is to develop new technology on mining, ore beneficiation and metallurgy, increase the utilization level of uranium resources and low down impact on environment caused by mining and metallurgy.