基于生态环境补偿的理念，提出了建立水污染防治补偿机制的必要性和理论依据，探讨了水污染防治补偿机制建立的基本原则、补偿主体和补偿模式等相关问题，并结合三峡库区及其上游地区的具体情况，提出了建立国家层面的水污染防治补偿机制的具体建议。缓解三峡库区及其上游地区水污染治理资金短缺的矛盾，调动上下游合力治污的积极性，对流域水质保护和水污染防治具有重要的现实意义。

Based on the idea of eco-compensation, this paper explicates the necessity and theory basis of compensation mechanism of water pollution control, and discusses its discipline, object, mode and other correlative issues. According to actuality of the three gorges reservoir and its upstream areas, advices on the construction of compensation mechanism of water pollution control by government were brought forward.The construction and improvement of compensation mechanism of water pollution control can relieve the fund shortage of water quality protection in three gorges reservoir and its upstream areas, and stir the enthusiasm of local governments of upstream and downstream areas to control water pollution, which have realism significance to water quality protection and water pollution control of the whole drainage areas.