分析了中国能源开发利用产生的环境问题，指出煤炭生产和使用造成的环境损失为185.6元/t煤。分析了未来40年能源发展面临的CO2排放控制、污染物排放总量约束、能源开采生态保护以及新能源技术的不确定性等环境挑战，提出了在有效改善环境质量、减少温室气体排放的前提下，实现能源中长期可持续发展的目标和指标，定量分析了大气污染物排放总量控制对煤炭消费总量可能产生的约束，提出了实施绿色低碳能源发展的战略措施与政策建议。

The environmental impacts of energy use over last decade and environmental damages cost by coal exploitation and use, which is 185.6 Yuan/t coal, were analyzed. The four key challenges of China's energy development were pointed out, and environmental protection targets in sustainable energy development to improve the environmental quality and reduce greenhouse gas emissions were proposed. According to the main air pollutants emissions control targets, the possible constraints on coal consumption were discussed. Meanwhile, the strategic measures and policy recommendations to achieve green and low-carbon energy development were presented.