Energy is the premise and foundation for the evolution of human society civilization, and its development plays an important role in ecological civilization construction. Meanwhile, the innovation of energy production and utilization modes are also the keys to economic and social transformation and upgrading. This research states the social function of ecological civilization and energy innovation, and analyzes the gap in energy development between China and the developed countries and the problems. Furthermore, the challenges and opportunities faced by China’s energy development are summarized on basis of the general developing trend of future world energy. Along with the analysis on energy demand forecast, the necessity of China’s energy transformation is clearly stated to provide fundamental references for strategic decision-making in China’s ecological civilization construction and energy development and transformation.