The promotion of agricultural modernization faces many problems, such as the shortage of agricultural resources, worsening environmental constraints, the upgrading of agricultural structure and serious aging trend of rural labor force in China. Based on the concept of “green, recycling and low-carbon” development, this paper states the agricultural development of eco-civilization, and then discusses the main modes of the construction of agricultural modernization based on eco-civilization. Through transforming the mode of agricultural production, optimizing the agricultural spatial arrangement, adjusting the agricultural industrial structure and changing the way of rural life, this paper suggests China to follow the paths characterized by efficient output, safety product, economical resource and friendly environment for the development of agricultural modernization.