It is a critical and long-term strategic goal for China to enhance its capacity to exploit marine resources, develop marine economics, protect the marine ecological environment, uphold maritime rights and interests, and build a maritime power. However, China is still in the preliminary stage of marine exploration; therefore, we need to enhance our ability to utilize and control the ocean from a global perspective. It is urgent that the development and utilization of marine resources—including exploration, engineering exploitation, and environmental protection—and the safeguarding of the rights and interests of the state should be treated as an organic whole in the top-level engineering science and technology designs that are required to build a maritime power. Based on a series of technology foresight analyses that were performed through inter-disciplinary integration, this project puts forward key directions in marine engineering science and technology development. In addition, this paper outlines the development path for China’s marine engineering science and technology in six key aspects, including: marine environment stereo-observation technology and equipment, submarine resources exploration and development technology, marine biological resources exploration and development technology, seawater resources and marine energy comprehensive utilization technology, marine environment security technology, and marine development equipment. This paper presents the scientific and technological vision, key points of development, development strategy, and development path for China's marine engineering science and technology to 2035.