his paper aims to clarify the emerging concept “great power of mineral resources” in China and to offer some policy proposals based on the development of international mineral resource industry. First, we analyzed the intensions of “great power” concepts which have existed in the history, and extended them as the intensions and definition of “great power of mineral resources” after combining the characteristics of the mineral resources industry. Next, we examined the definition through case analysis of the mineral resource industries in the United States and China. Finally, we proposed that the “great power of mineral resources” be defined as “a specific nation that has the goal to promote sustainable development and global governance of mineral resources, possesses the capability to exert its influences on production, finance, governance, and knowledge structure of the global mineral resource industry, and thus can maintain its own political and economic interests”. To develop a “great power of mineral resources,” China should enhance its influence on finance, governance, and knowledge hierarchy of the global mineral resource industry based on its strong production capability.