Radiation techniques are widely applied in the field of materials science. Modification and processing of inorganic and polymeric materials using radiation techniques have become a rising high-tech industry. Application progress of radiation techniques in the field of materials modification and processing is summarized, and the research efforts the authors' institute made in such aspects, as synthesis of silicon carbide ceramic fibers by irradiating in a nuclear reactor, preparation of ethylene propylene diene terpolymer sealing materials by radiation crosslinking and synthesis of amidoxime chelating resin by radiation grafting are introduced in detail.