Scientific and technological innovation plays an extremely important role in the development of the petroleum industry which is a capital-intensive, skill-intensive and talent-intensive trade. The historical evolution which is from nonexistence to existence, from backward in technique to technology ripe in the petroleum industry of China is closely linked to the progressive development of science and technology invariably. Technological innovation and theory break through play a key role in the development of petroleum industry. Among them, philosophy of science has important guiding functions to technological theories innovation. Based on some examples that petroleum industy technological and theory innovation set out, the guiding function Popper philosophy of science thought during the technological innovation.