According to different driving powers of transport tools, this article divides the history of transport technology into four basic phases and generally points out that the carrier technology and the road-harbor technology are the basic cells of the system of transport technology, and the contradiction between them is the main reason for the progress of transport technology. Then the article analyzes the internal structure and external relations of a transport technology system. Finally, based on the analysis on contradictions in transport, the reality of contemporary science & technology and social development, this article prospects the four developing directions of contemporary transport technology.