[ 1 ] Ramon G. The discovery of diphtheria toxic and its consequences: homage to Emile Roux. Bull Acad Natl Med 1953;137(30–31):516–9. link1

[ 2 ] Ehrlich P. Die Wertbemessung des Diphterieheilserums und deren theoretische Grundlagen. Klinisches Jahrbuch 1897;6:299–326. German. link1

[ 3 ] Von Behring E, Kitasato S. Ueber das Zustandekommen der DiphtherieImmunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei Thieren. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1890;16(49):1113–4. German. link1

[ 4 ] Porter RR. The hydrolysis of rabbit c-globulin and antibodies with crystalline papain. Biochem J 1959;73(1):119–26. link1

[ 5 ] Tonegawa S, Steinberg C, Dube S, Bernardini A. Evidence for somatic generation of antibody diversity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1974;71 (10):4027–31. link1

[ 6 ] Köhler G, Milstein C. Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity. Nature 1975;256(5517):495–7. link1

[ 7 ] Igawa T, Ishii S, Tachibana T, Maeda A, Higuchi Y, Shimaoka S, et al. Antibody recycling by engineered pH-dependent antigen binding improves the duration of antigen neutralization. Nat Biotechnol 2010;28(11):1203–7. link1

[ 8 ] Chaparro-Riggers J, Liang H, DeVay RM, Bai L, Sutton JE, Chen W, et al. Increasing serum half-life and extending cholesterol lowering in vivo by engineering antibody with pH-sensitive binding to PCSK9. J Biol Chem 2012;287(14):11090–7. link1

[ 9 ] Igawa T, Mimoto F, Hattori K. pH-dependent antigen-binding antibodies as a novel therapeutic modality. Biochim Biophys Acta 2014;1844(11):1943–50. link1

[10] Yamamura T, Kleiter I, Fujihara K, Palace J, Greenberg B, ZakrzewskaPniewska B, et al. Trial of satralizumab in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. N Engl J Med 2019;381(22):2114–24. link1

[11] Burmeister WP, Huber AH, Bjorkman PJ. Crystal structure of the complex of rat neonatal Fc receptor with Fc. Nature 1994;372(6504):379–83. link1

[12] Sockolosky JT, Szoka FC. The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, as a target for drug delivery and therapy. Adv Drug Delivery Rev 2015;91:109–24. link1

[13] Raghavan M, Bonagura VR, Morrison SL, Bjorkman PJ. Analysis of the pH dependence of the neonatal Fc receptor/immunoglobulin G interaction using antibody and receptor variants. Biochemistry 1995;34(45):14649–57. link1

[14] Martin WL, West AP, Gan Lu, Bjorkman PJ. Crystal structure at 2.8 Å of an FcRn/heterodimeric Fc complex: mechanism of pH-dependent binding. Mol Cell 2001;7(4):867–77. link1

[15] Roopenian DC, Akilesh S. FcRn: the neonatal Fc receptor comes of age. Nat Rev Immunol 2007;7(9):715–25. link1

[16] Weiner LM, Surana R, Wang S. Monoclonal antibodies: versatile platforms for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2010;10(5):317–27. link1

[17] Ober RJ, Martinez C, Vaccaro C, Zhou J, Ward ES. Visualizing the site and dynamics of IgG salvage by the MHC class I-related receptor. FcRn J Immunol 2004;172(4):2021–9. link1

[18] Rodewald R. pH-dependent binding of immunoglobulins to intestinal cells of the neonatal rat. J Cell Biol 1976;71(2):666–9. link1

[19] Nimmerjahn F, Ravetch JV. Fcc receptors: old friends and new family members. Immunity 2006;24(1):19–28. link1

[20] Malphettes L, Freyvert Y, Chang J, Liu PQ, Chan E, Miller JC, et al. Highly efficient deletion of FUT8 in CHO cell lines using zinc-finger nucleases yields cells that produce completely nonfucosylated antibodies. Biotechnol Bioeng 2010;106(5):774–83. link1

[21] Saunders K. Conceptual approaches to modulating antibody effector functions and circulation half-life. Front Immunol 2019;10:1296. link1

[22] Shields RL, Lai J, Keck R, O’connell LY, Hong K, Meng YG, et al. Lack of fucose on human IgG1 N-linked oligosaccharide improves binding to human Fcc RIII and antibody-dependent cellular toxicity. J Biol Chem 2002;277 (30):26733–40. link1

[23] Shinkawa T, Nakamura K, Yamane N, Shoji-Hosaka E, Kanda Y, Sakurada M, et al. The absence of fucose but not the presence of galactose or bisecting Nacetylglucosamine of human IgG1 complex-type oligosaccharides shows the critical role of enhancing antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2003;278(5):3466–73. link1

[24] Niwa R, Shoji-Hosaka E, Sakurada M, Shinkawa T, Uchida K, Nakamura K, et al. Defucosylated chimeric anti-C–C chemokine receptor 4 IgG1 with enhanced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity shows potent therapeutic activity to T-cell leukemia and lymphoma. Cancer Res 2004;64(6):2127–33. link1

[25] Hamako J, Matsui T, Ozeki Y, Mizuochi T, Titani K. Comparative studies of asparagine-linked sugar chains of immunoglobulin G from eleven mammalian species. Comp Biochem Phys B Comp Biochem 1993;106 (4):949–54. link1

[26] Jefferis R, Lund J, Mizutani H, Nakagawa H, Kawazoe Y, Arata Y, et al. A comparative study of the N-linked oligosaccharide structures of human IgG subclass proteins. Biochem J 1990;268(3):529–37. link1

[27] Raju TS, Briggs JB, Borge SM, Jones AJ. Species-specific variation in glycosylation of IgG: evidence for the species-specific sialylation and branch-specific galactosylation and importance for engineering recombinant glycoprotein therapeutics. Glycobiology 2000;10(5):477. link1

[28] Tonetti M, Sturla L, Bisso A, Benatti U, De Flora A. Synthesis of GDP-L-fucose by the human FX protein. J Biol Chem 1996;271(44):27274–9. link1

[29] Song Z. Roles of the nucleotide sugar transporters (SLC35 family) in health and disease. Mol Aspects Med 2013;34(2–3):590–600. link1

[30] Miyoshi E, Noda K, Yamaguchi Y, Inoue S, Ikeda Y, Wang W, et al. The a1-6- fucosyltransferase gene and its biological significance. Biochim Biophys Acta 1999;1473(1):9–20. link1

[31] Pereira NA, Chan KF, Lin PC, Song Z. The, ‘‘less-is-more” in therapeutic antibodies: afucosylated anti-cancer antibodies with enhanced antibodydependent cellular cytotoxicity. mAbs 2018;10(5):693–711. link1

[32] Louie S, Haley B, Marshall B, Heidersbach A, Yim M, Brozynski M, et al. FX knockout CHO hosts can express desired ratios of fucosylated or afucosylated antibodies with high titers and comparable product quality. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017;114(3):632–44. link1

[33] Ferrara C, Brünker P, Suter T, Moser S, Püntener U, Umaña P. Modulation of therapeutic antibody effector functions by glycosylation engineering: influence of Golgi enzyme localization domain and co-expression of heterologous b1, 4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III and Golgi amannosidase II. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006;93(5):851–61. link1

[34] Laurie HS, Sarit EA, Douglas AS, Mangel J, Randy DG, Fine G, et al. A phase 1 study of obinutuzumab induction followed by 2 years of maintenance in patients with relapsed CD20-positive B-cell malignancies. Blood 2012;119 (22):5118–25. link1

[35] Salles G, Morschhauser F, Lamy T, Milpied N, Thieblemont C, Tilly H, et al. Phase 1 study results of the type II glycoengineered humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody obinutuzumab (GA101) in B-cell lymphoma patients. Blood 2012;119(22):5126. link1

[36] Martinez DR, Fong Y, Li SH, Yang F, Jennewein MF, Weiner JA, et al. Fc characteristics mediate selective placental transfer of IgG in HIV-infected women. Cell 2019;178(1):190–201. link1

[37] Jennewein MF, Goldfarb I, Dolatshahi S, Cosgrove C, Noelette FJ, Krykbaeva M, et al. Fc glycan-mediated regulation of placental antibody transfer. Cell 2019;178(1):202–15. link1

[38] Vanessa LH. Innate immunity of neonates and infants. Front Immunol 2018;9:1759. link1

[39] Lee YC, Lin SJ. Neonatal natural killer cell function: relevance to antiviral immune defense. Clin Dev Immunol 2013;2013(2):427696. link1

[40] Nimmerjahn F, Jeffrey VR. Fcc receptors as regulators of immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2008;8(1):34–47. link1

[41] Moore GL, Chen H, Karki S, Greg A. Engineered Fc variant antibodies with enhanced ability to recruit complement and mediate effector functions. Mabs 2010;2(2):181–9. link1

[42] Romain G, Senyukov V, Rey VN, Merouane A, Kelton W, Liadi I, et al. Antibody Fc engineering improves frequency and promotes kinetic boosting of serial killing mediated by NK cells. Blood 2014;124(22):3241–9. link1

[43] Dall’Acqua WF, Kiener PA, Wu H. Properties of human IgG1s engineered for enhanced binding to the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn). J Biol Chem 2006;281 (33):23514–24. link1

[44] Mimoto F, Igawa T, Kuramochi T, Katada H, Kadono S, Kamikawa T, et al. Novel asymmetrically engineered antibody Fc variant with superior FccR binding affinity and specificity compared with afucosylated Fc variant. Mabs 2013;5(2):229–36. link1

[45] Richards J, Karki S, Lazar GA, Chen H, Dang W, Desjarlais JR. Optimization of antibody binding to FccRIIa enhances macrophage phagocytosis of tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(8):2517–27. link1

[46] Rankin CT, Veri MC, Gorlatov S, Tuaillon N, Burke S, Huang L, et al. CD32B, the human inhibitory Fc-c receptor IIB, as a target for monoclonal antibody therapy of B-cell lymphoma. Blood 2006;108(7):2384–91. link1

[47] Nordstrom JL, Gorlatov S, Zhang W, Yang Y, Huang L, Burke S, et al. Antitumor activity and toxicokinetics analysis of MGAH22, an anti-HER2 monoclonal antibody with enhanced Fcc receptor binding properties. Breast Cancer Res 2011;13(6):R123. link1

[48] Bang YJ, Giaccone G, Im SA, Oh DY, Bauer TM, Nordstrom JL, et al. First-inhuman phase 1 study of margetuximab (MGAH22), an Fc-modified chimeric monoclonal antibody, in patients with HER2-positive advanced solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2017;28(4):855–61. link1

[49] Shields RL, Namenuk AK, Hong K, Meng YG, Rae J, Briggs J, et al. High resolution mapping of the binding site on human IgG1 for FccRI, FccRII, FccRIII, and FcRn and design of IgG1 variants with improved binding to the FccR. J Biol Chem 2001;276(9):6591–604. link1

[50] Bas M, Terrier A, Jacque E, Dehenne A, Pochet-Béghin V, Beghin C, et al. Fc sialylation prolongs serum half-life of therapeutic antibodies. J Immunol 2019;202(5):1582–94. link1

[51] Braster R, O’Toole T, van Egmond M. Myeloid cells as effector cells for monoclonal antibody therapy of cancer. Methods 2014;65(1):28–37. link1

[52] Alyssa DG, Houghton AM. Tumor-associated neutrophils: new targets for cancer therapy. Cancer Res 2011;71(7):2411–6. link1

[53] Chintalacharuvu KR, Vuong LU, Loi LA, Larrick JW, Morrison SL. Hybrid IgA2/ IgG1 antibodies with tailor-made effector functions. Clin Immunol 2001;101 (1):21–31. link1

[54] Borrok MJ, Luheshi NM, Beyaz N, Davies GC, Legg JW, Wu H, et al. Enhancement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity by endowing IgG with FcaRI (CD89) binding. Mabs 2015;7(4):743–51. link1

[55] Natsume A, In M, Takamura H, Nakagawa T, Shimizu Y, Kitajima K, et al. Engineered antibodies of IgG1/IgG3 mixed isotype with enhanced cytotoxic activities. Cancer Res 2008;68(10):3863–72. link1

[56] Natsume A, Shimizu YY, Satoh M, Shitara K, Niwa R. Engineered anti-CD20 antibodies with enhanced complement-activating capacity mediate potent anti-lymphoma activity. Cancer Sci 2010;100(12):2411–8. link1

[57] Sensel MG, Kane LM, Morrison SL. Amino acid differences in the N-terminus of CH2 influence the relative abilities of IgG2 and IgG3 to activate complement. Mol Immunol 1997;34(14):1019–29. link1

[58] Weiner GJ. Building better monoclonal antibody-based therapeutics. Nat Rev Cancer 2015;15(6):361–70. link1

[59] Schneider H, Deweid L, Pirzer T, Yanakieva D, Englert S, Becker B, et al. Dextramabs: a novel format of antibody-drug conjugates featuring a multivalent polysaccharide scaffold. ChemistryOpen 2019;8(3):354–7. link1

[60] Ott PA, Pavlick AC, Johnson DB, Hart LL, Infante JR, Luke JJ, et al. A phase 2 study of glembatumumab vedotin, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting glycoprotein NMB, in patients with advanced melanoma. Cancer 2019;125 (7):1113–23. link1

[61] Szot C, Saha S, Zhang XM, Zhu Z, Hilton MB, Morris K, et al. Tumor stromatargeted antibody-drug conjugate triggers localized anticancer drug release. J Clin Invest 2018;128(7):2927–43. link1

[62] Lambert JM, Berkenblit A. Antibody-drug conjugates for cancer treatment. Annu Rev Med 2018;69:191–207. link1

[63] Lambert JM, Morris CQ. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) for personalized treatment of solid tumors: a review. Adv Ther 2017;34(5):1015–35. link1

[64] Chen B, Gianolio DA, Stefano JE, Manning CM, Gregory RC, Busch MM, et al. Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of multivalent drug linkers for highdrug-load antibody-drug conjugates. ChemMedChem 2018;13(8):790–4. link1

[65] Krall N, da Cruz FP, Boutureira O, Bernardes GJ. Site-selective proteinmodification chemistry for basic biology and drug development. Nat Chem 2016;8(2):103–13. link1

[66] Chudasama V, Maruani A, Caddick S. Recent advances in the construction of antibody-drug conjugates. Nat Chem 2016;8(2):114–9. link1

[67] Lyon RP, Bovee TD, Doronina SO, Burke PJ, Hunter JH, Neff-LaFord HD, et al. Reducing hydrophobicity of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates improves pharmacokinetics and therapeutic index. Nat Biotechnol 2015;33 (7):733–5. link1

[68] Zhang C, Welborn M, Zhu T, Yang NJ, Santos MS, Van Voorhis T, et al. pClamp-mediated cysteine conjugation. Nat Chem 2016;8(2):120–8. link1

[69] Matos MJ, Oliveira B, Martínez-Sáez N, Guerreiro A, Cal PMSD, Bertoldo J, et al. Chemo- and regioselective lysine modification on native proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2018;140(11):4004–17. link1

[70] Merlin JL, Barberi-Heyob M, Bachmann N. In vitro comparative evaluation of trastuzumab (Herceptin) combined with paclitaxel (Taxol) or docetaxel (Taxotere) in HER2-expressing human breast cancer cell lines. Ann Oncol 2002;13(11):1743–8. link1

[71] Cui JJ, Tran-Dube´ M, Shen H, Nambu M, Kung PP, Pairish M, et al. Structure based drug design of crizotinib (PF-02341066), a potent and selective dual inhibitor of mesenchymal–epithelial transition factor (c-MET) kinase and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). J Med Chem 2011;54(18):6342–63. link1

[72] June CH, O’Connor RS, Kawalekar OU, Ghassemi S, Milone MC. CAR T cell immunotherapy for human cancer. Science 2018;359(6382):1361–5. link1

[73] Ali SA, Shi V, Maric I, Wang M, Stroncek DF, Rose JJ, et al. T cells expressing an anti-B-cell-maturation-antigen chimeric antigen receptor cause remissions of multiple myeloma. Blood 2016;128(13):1688–700. link1

[74] Garfall AL, Maus MV, Hwang WT, Lacey SF, Mahnke YD, Melenhorst JJ, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T Cells against CD19 for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2015;373(11):1040–7. link1

[75] Morgan RA, Yang JC, Kitano M, Dudley ME, Laurencot CM, Rosenberg SA. Case report of a serious adverse event following the administration of T cells transduced with a chimeric antigen receptor recognizing ERBB2. Mol Ther 2010;18(4):843–51. link1

[76] Kalos M, Bruce LL, David LP, Katz S, Stephan AG, Bagg A, et al. T cells with chimeric antigen receptors have potent antitumor effects and can establish memory in patients with advanced leukemia. Sci Transl Med 2011;3 (95):95ra73. link1

[77] Gust J, Hay KA, Hanafi LA, Li D, Myerson D, Gonzalez-Cuyar LF, et al. Endothelial activation and blood–brain barrier disruption in neurotoxicity after adoptive immunotherapy with CD19 CAR–T cells. Cancer Discovery 2017;7(12):1404–19. link1

[78] Ahmed N, Brawley VS, Hegde M, Robertson C, Ghazi A, Gerken C, et al. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-specific chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for the immunotherapy of HER2-positive sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 2015;33(15):1688–96. link1

[79] Kochenderfer JN, Dudley ME, Feldman SA, Wilson WH, Spaner DE, Maric I, et al. B-cell depletion and remissions of malignancy along with cytokine associated toxicity in a clinical trial of anti-CD19 chimeric-antigen-receptortransduced T cells. Blood 2012;119(12):2709–20. link1

[80] Porter DL, Levine BL, Kalos M, Bagg A, June CH. Chimeric antigen receptormodified T cells in chronic lymphoid leukemia. N Engl J Med 2011;365 (8):725–33. link1

[81] Cor HL, Stefan S, van Steenbergen S, van Elzakker P, van Krimpen B, Corrien G, et al. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with CAIX CAR-engineered T cells: clinical evaluation and management of on-target toxicity. Mol Ther J Am Soc Gene Ther 2013;21(4):904–12. link1

[82] Orourke DM, Nasrallah MP, Desai A, Melenhorst JJ, Mansfield K, Morrissette JJD, et al. A single dose of peripherally infused EGFRvIII-directed CAR T cells mediates antigen loss and induces adaptive resistance in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Sci Transl Med 2017;9(399):eaaa0984. link1

[83] Joyce JA, Fearon DT. T cell exclusion, immune privilege, and the tumor microenvironment. Science 2015;348(6230):74–80. link1

[84] Qasim W, Zhan H, Samarasinghe S, Adams S, Amrolia P, Stafford S, et al. Molecular remission of infant B-ALL after infusion of universal TALEN geneedited CAR T cells. Sci Transl Med 2017;9(374):eaaj2013. link1

[85] Di Stasi A, Tey SK, Dotti G, Fujita Y, Kennedy-Nasser A, Martinez C, et al. Inducible apoptosis as a safety switch for adoptive cell therapy. N Engl J Med 2011;365(18):1673–83. link1

[86] Gornalusse GG, Hirata RK, Funk SE, Riolobos L, Lopes VS, Manske G, et al. HLAE-expressing pluripotent stem cells escape allogeneic responses and lysis by NK cells. Nat Biotechnol 2017;35(8):765–72. link1

[87] Zakrzewski JL, Suh D, Markley JC, Smith OM, King C, Goldberg GL, et al. Tumor immunotherapy across MHC barriers using allogeneic T-cell precursors. Nat Biotechnol 2008;26(4):453–61. link1

[88] Torikai H, Reik A, Liu PQ, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Maiti S, et al. A foundation for universal T-cell based immunotherapy: T cells engineered to express a CD19- specific chimeric-antigen-receptor and eliminate expression of endogenous TCR. Blood 2012;119(24):5697–705. link1

[89] Labrijn AF, Janmaat ML, Reichert JM, Parren PWHI. Bispecific antibodies: a mechanistic review of the pipeline. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 2019;18 (8):585–608. link1

[90] Suurs FV, Lub-De HM, de Vries E, de Groot D. A review of bispecific antibodies and antibody constructs in oncology and clinical challenges. Pharmacol Ther 2019;201:103–19. link1

[91] Alibakhshi A, Abarghooi Kahaki F, Ahangarzadeh S, Yaghoobi H, Yarian F, Arezumand R, et al. Targeted cancer therapy through antibody fragmentsdecorated nanomedicines. J Controlled Release 2017;268:323–34. link1

[92] Ahmad ZA, Yeap SK, Ali AM, Ho WY, Alitheen NBM, Hamid M. scFv antibody: principles and clinical application. Clin Dev Immunol 2012;2012:1–15. link1

[93] Bezabeh B, Fleming R, Fazenbaker C, Zhong H, Coffman K, Yu XQ, et al. Insertion of scFv into the hinge domain of full-length IgG1 monoclonal antibody results in tetravalent bispecific molecule with robust properties. mAbs 2017;9(2):240–56. link1

[94] Schmohl JU, Felices M, Taras E, Miller JS, Vallera DA. Enhanced ADCC and NK cell activation of an anticarcinoma bispecific antibody by genetic insertion of a modified IL-15 cross-linker. Mol Ther 2016;24(7):1312–22. link1

[95] Gökbuget N, Dombret H, Bonifacio M, Reichle A, Graux C, Faul C, et al. Blinatumomab for minimal residual disease in adults with B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 2018;131(14):1522–31. link1

[96] Stadler CR, Bähr-Mahmud H, Celik L, Hebich B, Roth AS, Roth RP, et al. Elimination of large tumors in mice by mRNA-encoded bispecific antibodies. Nat Med 2017;23(7):815–7. link1

[97] Patel A, Digiandomenico A, Keller AE, Smith TRF, Park DH, Ramos S, et al. An engineered bispecific DNA-encoded IgG antibody protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a pneumonia challenge model. Nat Commun 2017;8(1):637. link1

[98] Digiandomenico A, Keller AE, Gao C, Rainey GJ, Warrener P, Camara MM, et al. A multifunctional bispecific antibody protects against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Transl Med 2014;6(262):262ra155. link1

[99] Keam SJ. Toripalimab: first global approval. Drugs 2019;79(5):573–8. link1

[100] Mo H, Huang J, Xu J, Chen X, Wu D, Qu D, et al. Safety, anti-tumour activity, and pharmacokinetics of fixed-dose SHR-1210, an anti-PD-1 antibody in advanced solid tumours: a dose-escalation, phase 1 study. Br J Cancer 2018;119(5):538–45. link1

[101] Qiu X, Audet J, Lv M, He S, Wong G, Wei H, et al. Two-mAb cocktail protects macaques against the Makona variant of Ebola virus. Sci Transl Med 2016;8 (329):329ra33. link1

[102] Li H, Yu F, Xia S, Yu Y, Wang Q, Lv M, et al. Chemically modified human serum albumin potently blocks entry of ebola pseudoviruses and viruslike particles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61(4). e02168-16. link1

[103] Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Sun Q, Feng F, Huhe M, Mi L, et al. Preclinical pharmacokinetics, tolerability, and pharmacodynamics of metuzumab, a novel CD147 human–mouse chimeric and glycoengineered antibody. Mol Cancer Ther 2015;14(1):162–73. link1

[104] Chuang PK, Hsiao M, Hsu TL, Chang CF, Wu CY, Chen BR, et al. Signaling pathway of globo-series glycosphingolipids and b1,3-galactosyltransferase V (b3GalT5) in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2019;116(9):3518–23. link1

[105] Epstein AL, Chen FM, Taylor CR. A novel method for the detection of necrotic lesions in human cancers. Cancer Res 1988;48(20):5842–8. link1

[106] Yu L, Ju DW, Chen W, Li T, Xu Z, Jiang C, et al. 131I-chTNT radioimmunotherapy of 43 patients with advanced lung cancer. Cancer Biother radiopharm 2006;21(1):5–14. link1

[107] Chen ZN,Mi L,Xu J, Song F, Zhang Q, Zhang Z, et al. Targeting radioimmunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma with iodine (131I) metuximab injection: clinical phase I/II trials. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2006;65(2):435–44. link1

[108] Xu J, Shen ZY, Chen XG, Zhang Q, Bian HJ, Zhu P, et al. A randomized controlled trial of Licartin for preventing hepatoma recurrence after liver transplantation. Hepatology 2007;45(2):269–76. link1

[109] Huhe M, Lou J, Zhu Y, Zhao Y, Shi Y, Wang B, et al. A novel antibody-drug conjugate, HcHAb18-DM1, has potent anti-tumor activity against human non-small cell lung cancer. Biochem Biophysical Res Commun 2019;513 (4):1083–91. link1

[110] Gulati S, Beurskens FJ, de Kreuk BJ, Roza M, Zheng B, Deoliveira RB, et al. Complement alone drives efficacy of a chimeric antigonococcal monoclonal antibody. PLoS Biol 2019;17(6):e3000323. link1

[111] De Jong RN, Beurskens FJ, Verploegen S, Strumane K, van Kampen MD, Voorhorst M, et al. A novel platform for the potentiation of therapeutic antibodies based on antigen-dependent formation of IgG hexamers at the cell surface. PLoS Biol 2016;14(1):e1002344. link1

[112] Arbabi-Ghahroudi M. Camelid single-domain antibodies: historical perspective and future outlook. Front Immunol 2017;8:1589. link1

[113] Muyldermans S, Atarhouch T, Saldanha J, Barbosa JARG, Hamers R. Sequence and structure of VH domain from naturally occurring camel heavy chain immunoglobulins lacking light chains. Protein Eng 1994;7(9):1129–35. link1

[114] Greenberg AS, Avila D, Hughes M, Hughes A, McKinney EC, Flajnik MF. A new antigen receptor gene family that undergoes rearrangement and extensive somatic diversification in sharks. Nature 1995;374(6518):168–73. link1

[115] Dooley H, Flajnik MF, Porter AJ. Selection and characterization of naturally occurring single-domain (IgNAR) antibody fragments from immunized sharks by phage display. Mol Immunol 2003;40(1):25–33. link1

[116] Mazepa MA, Masias C, Chaturvedi S. How targeted therapy disrupts the treatment paradigm for acquired TTP: the risks, benefits, and unknowns. Blood 2019;134(5):415–20. link1

[117] Liu JL, Zabetakis D, Brown JC, Anderson GP, Goldman ER. Thermal stability and refolding capability of shark derived single domain antibodies. Mol Immunol 2014;59(2):194–9. link1

[118] Harmsen MM, van Solt CB, van Zijderveld-van Bemmel AM, Niewold TA, van Zijderveld FG. Selection and optimization of proteolytically stable llama single-domain antibody fragments for oral immunotherapy. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006;72(3):544–51. link1

[119] Liu L. Pharmacokinetics of monoclonal antibodies and Fc-fusion proteins. Protein Cell 2018;9(1):15–32. link1

[120] Vernieri C, Milano M, Brambilla M, Mennitto A, Maggi C, Cona MS, et al. Resistance mechanisms to anti-HER2 therapies in HER2-positive breast cancer: current knowledge, new research directions and therapeutic perspectives. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol 2019;139:53–66. link1

[121] Qin H, Ramakrishna S, Nguyen S, Fountaine TJ, Ponduri A, Stetler-Stevenson M, et al. Preclinical development of bivalent chimeric antigen receptors targeting both CD19 and CD22. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2018;11:127–37. link1

[122] Schneider D, Xiong Y, Wu D, Nӧlle V, Schmitz S, Haso W, et al. A tandem CD19/CD20 CAR lentiviral vector drives on-target and off-target antigen modulation in leukemia cell lines. J Immunother Cancer 2017;5(1):42. link1

[123] Ruella M, Barrett DM, Kenderian SS, Shestova O, Hofmann TJ, Perazzelli J, et al. Dual CD19 and CD123 targeting prevents antigen-loss relapses after CD19-directed immunotherapies. J Clin Invest 2016;126(10):3814–26. link1

[124] Lazar GA, Dang W, Karki S, Vafa O, Peng JS, Hyun L, et al. Engineered antibody Fc variants with enhanced effector function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103 (11):4005–10. link1

[125] Ljungars A, Svensson C, Carlsson A, Birgersson E, Tornberg UC, Frendéus B, et al. Deep mining of complex antibody phage pools generated by cell panning enables discovery of rare antibodies binding new targets and epitopes. Front Pharmacol 2019;10:847. link1

[126] Ghetie V, Popov S, Borvak J, Radu C, Matesoi D, Medesan C, et al. Increasing the serum persistence of an IgG fragment by random mutagenesis. Nat Biotechnol 1997;15(7):637–40. link1

[127] Hwang LA, Phang BH, Liew OW, Iqbal J, Koh XH, Koh XY, et al. Monoclonal antibodies against specific p53 hotspot mutants as potential tools for precision medicine. Cell Rep 2018;22(1):299–312. link1

[128] Mojtahed PS, Ulshöfer T, Gabriel LA, Henke M, Köhm M, Behrens F, et al. Immunogenicity assay development and validation for biological therapy as exemplified by ustekinumab. Clin Exp Immunol 2019;196(2):259–67. link1