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The Major Root Causes of Smog in China and Technologies and Solutions to Reduce It

Ke Liu

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2016, Volume 3, Issue 4,   Pages 343-348 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2016053

Abstract: This paper discusses the two major root causes of smog in China. The first one is the distributed coal combustion in many small and medium sized boilers which have no emission control systems installed. To resolve this problem, there are several ways, such as increasing the centralized coal combustion for heat and power cogeneration; or converting coal to SNG in areas where there is enough water resource and removing the pollutants of the coal in the centralized coal to SNG plant, or refining the coal and making it cleaner first before combustion. The second major cause of smog is the low quality diesel and outdated diesel engines used in China. To solve this problem, there are some ways, such as improving the diesel quality to meet the national V standard, and meanwhile, enhancing the law enforcement to eliminate these outdated diesel engines that do not meet the national emission standards; in addition, combusting cleaner and cheaper fuel such as methanol or DME in the diesel engines is also an option for certain areas where there are abundant alternative fuels such as methanol to replace diesel.

Keywords： smog     emissions     coal refining     coal utilization     solutions    

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PROPOSED INNOVATION REFORM MODEL FOR THE MINERAL NITROGEN FERTILIZER INDUSTRY IN CHINA TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2,   Pages 234-247 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2022468

Abstract:

● The carbon footprint of the nitrogen fertilizer chain has decreased significantly over the last decade.

Keywords： carbon accounting     life cycle assessment     policy     product structure    

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Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin reduce recurrence in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder

Jiangang Pan,Mo Liu,Xing Zhou

Frontiers of Medicine 2014, Volume 8, Issue 2,   Pages 241-249 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0328-0

Abstract:

Approximately 70% of newly diagnosed bladder tumors are non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). NMIBC accounts for approximately 80% of total bladder cancer cases. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) instillation and maintenance is considered as the standard adjuvant treatment for superficial bladder cancer. A number of randomized studies have focused on the benefit of maintenance therapy following initial BCG induction. To provide further insights into the effect of intravesical instillation on recurrence in patients with NMIBC, we analyzed this relationship by conducting an updated detailed meta-analysis. Evidence suggested that adjuvant intravesical BCG with maintenance treatment is significantly effective for the prophylaxis of tumor recurrence in patients with NMIBC.

Keywords： non-muscle invasive bladder cancer     bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)     meta-analysis    

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A combined control strategy using tuned liquid dampers to reduce displacement demands of base-isolated

Parham SHOAEI, Houtan Tahmasebi OROMI

Frontiers of Structural and Civil Engineering 2019, Volume 13, Issue 4,   Pages 890-903 doi: 10.1007/s11709-019-0524-8

Abstract: This paper investigates a hybrid structural control system using tuned liquid dampers (TLDs) and lead-rubber bearing (LRB) systems for mitigating earthquake-induced vibrations. Furthermore, a new approach for taking into account the uncertainties associated with the steel shear buildings is proposed. In the proposed approach, the probabilistic distributions of the stiffness and yield properties of stories of a set of reference steel moment frame structures are derived through Monte-Carlo sampling. The approach is applied to steel shear buildings isolated with LRB systems. The base isolation systems are designed for different target base displacements by minimizing a relative performance index using Genetic Algorithm. Thereafter, the base-isolated structures are equipped with TLDs and a combination of the base and TLD properties is sought by which the maximum reduction occurs in the base displacement without compromising the performance of the system. In addition, the effects of TLD properties on the performance of the system are studied through a parametric study. Based on the analyses results, the base displacement can be reduced 23% by average, however, the maximum reduction can go beyond 30%.

Keywords： tuned liquid damper     lead-rubber bearing system     probabilistic framework     steel shear building     relative performance index     Monte-Carlo sampling    

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Restoring soil health to reduce irrigation demand and buffer the impacts of drought

Rebecca SCHNEIDER, Stephen MORREALE, Zhigang LI, Erin MENZIES PLUER, Kirsten KURTZ, Xilu NI, Cuiping WANG, Changxiao LI, Harold VAN ES

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2020, Volume 7, Issue 3,   Pages 339-346 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2020348

Abstract: Strategies are needed to reduce irrigation water use, including increasing the efficiency of transferComprehensive restoration of soil health, specifically through organic matter amendments, can substantially reduce

Keywords： drought     irrigation     restoration     soil health     woodchips    

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Solar Geoengineering to Reduce Global Warming—the Outlook Remains Cloudy

Sean O’Neill

Engineering 2022, Volume 9, Issue 2,   Pages 6-9 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.12.005

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Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China

David R. CHADWICK, John R. WILLIAMS, Yuelai LU, Lin MA, Zhaohai BAI, Yong HOU, Xinping CHEN, Thomas H. MISSELBROOK

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering 2020, Volume 7, Issue 1,   Pages 45-55 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019293

Abstract: scale, coordinated planning is necessary to promote recoupling of livestock and cropping systems, and reducestakeholders are needed to support the step change and innovation required to improve manure management, reduce

Keywords： cropping farms     livestock production     manure management chain     recoupling     nutrient loss    

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Development of surface active agent for textiles and its role in saving energy and water and reducing discharge and consumption

Yao Mu

Strategic Study of CAE 2009, Volume 11, Issue 4,   Pages 14-16

Abstract:

To meet the requirements of saving energy and water and reducing discharge and consumption, surface active agents have developed greatly and innovatively in recent years. In this paper, the main applications and the categories of surface active agent were introduced. In addition, the applications of surface active agents in dyeing, printing, degumming and sizing were analyzed in detail.

Keywords： textile industry     surface active agent     save energy     reduce discharge    

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Reduce CO2 emission and develop low carbon economy—firstly pay attention to efficiently use

Cao Xianghong

Strategic Study of CAE 2010, Volume 12, Issue 8,   Pages 8-21

Abstract:

This article presents the analysis on the law of energy consumption and economic development, the features of renewable energies, the current technical availability and the effectiveness of CO2 emission reduction. The author believes that the total energy consumption is experiencing a stage of continuous growth in China, and the renewable energies will not play a major part in the energy mix in the coming forty years. The fossil energy will continue to play a major role in China. To use the fossil energy efficiently shall become a top priority in the course of CO2 emission reduction and low-carbon economy development. The article reviews the achievements and existing problems of the fossil energy use and development in China, and provides the countermeasures to efficiently use the fossil energy as follows: firstly, to have a reasonable GDP growth rate and establish the supervision index system of the total consumption of fossil energy; secondly, to establish the assessment and evaluation method on the energy efficiency of the fossil energy use on a life-cycle basis and the CO2 emission, to improve the fossil energy use efficiency through continuously optimizing the methods; thirdly, to explore and create a modern low-carbon life and consumption mode in line with Chinese context in view of the status quo of the fossil energy resources in China; fourthly, to encourage and coerce energy saving by fully leveraging the fiscal and tax policy and the administrative measures; fifthly, to enhance the research & development, and the roll-out application of the technology, material and products with which the fossil energy can be used efficiently; sixthly, to enhance the capital input in order to realize the optimized and efficient use of the fossil energy.

Keywords： CO2     low carbon economy     fossil energy    

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Novel perspective for urban water resource management:

Lijie Zhou, Hongwu Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Jian Zhang, Hongbin Chen, Xuejun Bi, Xiaohu Dai, Siqing Xia, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Bruce E. Rittmann

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2021, Volume 15, Issue 1, doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1308-z

Abstract: Abstract • 5R (Recover, Reduce, Recycle, Resource and Reuse) approaches to manage urban water. • 5Rperspective presents a novel 5R approach for managing urban water resources: Recover (storm water), Reduce

Keywords： 5R generation     Recover     Reduce     Recycle     Resource     Reuse    

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Fundamental Problems and Development Paths for Reclamation of Waste Waterproof Membranes

Xiao Jianzhuang , Yu Caihua , Xiao Xuwen , Ding Tao , Zhang Yong

Strategic Study of CAE 2023, Volume 25, Issue 5,   Pages 210-221 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2023.07.029

Abstract:
The reclamation of construction solid wastes is crucial for the high-quality development of the construction industry and it is urgent to further improve the utilization rate of the construction solid wastes to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutralization goals. Waste waterproof materials are an important component of the construction solid wastes; however, research on the utilization of these materials is almost blank in China. As calculated in this study, the total output of waterproof materials in China was 2.983 × 1010 m2 during 2005‒2021 and that of waterproof membranes was 1.89 × 1010 m2, indicating that waterproof membranes are the main body for waterproof material recycling. In response to the national green and low-carbon development situation, a utilization path for “reducing, reusing, and recycling” (3R) the waterproof membranes is proposed as well as a high-performance waterproof membrane research and development concept that combines waterproof membrane “genome”, multi-scale/multi-scenario analysis, and machine learning prediction. A waterproof membrane reuse mode with system disassembly as the core is clarified as well as a recycling strategy with classification, gradation, and deconstruction as the core. Moreover, the in-depth research and innovative application of fully recycled waterproof membranes and additive manufacturing technology should be promoted. The transformation of recycled waterproof membranes to products and the engineering application of these products are major challenges to be addressed in the future, which requires joint efforts of the management departments, academia, and industry.

Keywords： waste waterproof membrane     resource utilization     reduce     reuse     recycle     fully recycled waterproof membrane    

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Green Development of Industrial Parks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Hao Jiming, Tian Jinping, Lu Wanying, Sheng Yongcai, Zhao Jialing, Zhao Liang, Guo Yang, Hu Wanqiu, Gao Yang, Chen Yalin, Chen Lyujun

Strategic Study of CAE 2022, Volume 24, Issue 1,   Pages 155-165 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2022.01.017

Abstract: Fourth, industrial parks have yet to effectively control the total amount of freshwater consumption and reduce

Keywords： Yangtze River Economic Belt，industrial parks，green development，reduce pollution and carbon，full life    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

The Major Root Causes of Smog in China and Technologies and Solutions to Reduce It

Ke Liu

Journal Article

PROPOSED INNOVATION REFORM MODEL FOR THE MINERAL NITROGEN FERTILIZER INDUSTRY IN CHINA TO REDUCE GREENHOUSE

Journal Article

Can intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin reduce recurrence in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder

Jiangang Pan,Mo Liu,Xing Zhou

Journal Article

A combined control strategy using tuned liquid dampers to reduce displacement demands of base-isolated

Parham SHOAEI, Houtan Tahmasebi OROMI

Journal Article

Restoring soil health to reduce irrigation demand and buffer the impacts of drought

Rebecca SCHNEIDER, Stephen MORREALE, Zhigang LI, Erin MENZIES PLUER, Kirsten KURTZ, Xilu NI, Cuiping WANG, Changxiao LI, Harold VAN ES

Journal Article

Solar Geoengineering to Reduce Global Warming—the Outlook Remains Cloudy

Sean O’Neill

Journal Article

Strategies to reduce nutrient pollution from manure management in China

David R. CHADWICK, John R. WILLIAMS, Yuelai LU, Lin MA, Zhaohai BAI, Yong HOU, Xinping CHEN, Thomas H. MISSELBROOK

Journal Article

Development of surface active agent for textiles and its role in saving energy and water and reducing discharge and consumption

Yao Mu

Journal Article

Reduce CO2 emission and develop low carbon economy—firstly pay attention to efficiently use

Cao Xianghong

Journal Article

Novel perspective for urban water resource management:

Lijie Zhou, Hongwu Wang, Zhiqiang Zhang, Jian Zhang, Hongbin Chen, Xuejun Bi, Xiaohu Dai, Siqing Xia, Lisa Alvarez-Cohen, Bruce E. Rittmann

Journal Article

Fundamental Problems and Development Paths for Reclamation of Waste Waterproof Membranes

Xiao Jianzhuang , Yu Caihua , Xiao Xuwen , Ding Tao , Zhang Yong

Journal Article

Green Development of Industrial Parks in the Yangtze River Economic Belt

Hao Jiming, Tian Jinping, Lu Wanying, Sheng Yongcai, Zhao Jialing, Zhao Liang, Guo Yang, Hu Wanqiu, Gao Yang, Chen Yalin, Chen Lyujun

Journal Article