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Metal-based direct hydrogen generation as unconventional high density energy

Shuo XU, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第1期页码 27-53 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0603-x

摘要： Metals are unconventional hydrogen production materials which are of high energy densities. This paper comprehensively reviewed and digested the latest researches of the metal-based direct hydrogen generation and the unconventional energy utilization ways thus enabled. According to the metal activities, the reaction conditions of metals were generalized into three categories. The first ones refer to those which would violently react with water at ambient temperature. The second ones start to react with water after certain pretreatments. The third ones can only react with steam under somewhat harsh conditions. To interpret the metal-water reaction mechanisms at the molecular scale, the molecule dynamics simulation and computational quantum chemistry were introduced as representative theoretical analytical tools. Besides, the state-of-the-art of the metal-water reaction was presented with several ordinary metals as illustration examples, including the material treatment technologies and the evaluations of hydrogen evolution performances. Moreover, the energy capacities of various metals were summarized, and the application potentials of the metal-based direct hydrogen production approach were explored. Furthermore, the challenges lying behind this unconventional hydrogen generation method and energy strategy were raised, which outlined promising directions worth of further endeavors. Overall, active metals like Na and K are appropriate for rapid hydrogen production occasions. Of these metals discussed, Al, Mg and their alloys offer the most promising hydrogen generation route for clean and efficient propulsion and real-time power source. In the long run, there exists plenty of space for developing future energy technology along this direction.

关键词： metal hydrogen generation hydrolysis metal water reaction clean energy

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Practice of Unconventional Gas Development and Engineering Management Innovation in China

Wen-rui Hu,Jing-wei Bao,Bin Hu

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2014年第1卷第1期页码 18-29 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2014005

摘要： This article analyses the recent progressive increase in resourcequantity and production quantity of unconventional natural gas in China, describes its natural properties and the concepts, strategies and approaches of its development, summarizes the special techniques, management concepts and development modes formed in the process of its development, and puts forward proposals to accelerate the development of unconventional natural gas of China. The technically recoverable reserve of unconventional natural gas is 1.7 times that of conventional natural gas and its output in 2012 accounted for 41.8% of the total output in China. Chinese tight gas development has gained success, coal-bed methane development and shale gas production pilots have made important progresses. As the key feature of unconventional natural gas is "low grade", for the effective scale development, developers must build up the engineering concept of low-grade resources development, adhere to the low cost strategy, take the development route of "a step backward and then a step forward", apply such ideas and methods of engineering management as low cost dualistic integrative innovation, full control network management, economic limit theory, integrated operation and "four orientations" engineering management, establish a "two lows" engineering management system, and take reference of the successful development mode of the tight gas in Sulige and the coal-bed methane in the Qinshui basin. In order to achieve the objective of rapid development of nonconventional natural gas in China and to accelerate the development pace, the government should continue to increase support, to speed up the reform of natural gas price adjustment, to set up national comprehensive development and utilization demonstration areas, to input in sustainable technological research and to promote engineering management innovation.?

关键词： natural gas unconventional tight gas coal-bed methane shale gas engineering management innovation proposals

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我国非常规天然气开发利用前景与战略地位

“能源领域咨询研究”综合组

《中国工程科学》 2015年第17卷第9期页码 6-10

摘要：

我国非常规天然气资源比较丰富，开发利用程度低，且有后发优势，加快非常规天然气资源开发利用对我国经济社会发展与能源安全具有重要战略意义。本文在客观评价四类非常规天然气资源潜力与开发趋势的基础上，提出了我国非常规天然气开发利用战略和措施建议。研究认为，我国页岩气、致密砂岩气和煤层气可采资源总量约为3.1×1013 m3，大约是常规天然气可采资源量的1.5倍，技术进步和国家政策扶持是实现非常规天然气资源大规模开发利用的关键。我国非常规天然气开发利用可采取“三步走”的路线，积极组织，加快发展，预计到2020年前后，我国非常规天然气产量将与常规天然气平分秋色，2030年前后非常规天然气产量有望达到3×1011 m3，约占总产量的2/3，非常规天然气将成为保障我国天然气工业长期稳定和健康发展的主体资源。

关键词：非常规天然气；资源潜力；开发利用；战略地位

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Liquid metal enabled combinatorial heat transfer science: toward unconventional extreme cooling

Xiao-Hu YANG, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期页码 259-275 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0521-3

摘要： As a class of newly emerging material, liquid metal exhibits many outstanding performances in a wide variety of thermal management areas, such as thermal interface material, heat spreader, convective cooling and phase change material (PCM) for thermal buffering etc. To help mold next generation unconventional cooling technologies and further advance the liquid metal cooling to an ever higher level in tackling more extreme, complex and critical thermal issues and energy utilizations, a novel conceptual scientific category was dedicated here which could be termed as combinatorial liquid metal heat transfer science. Through comprehensive interpretations on a group of representative liquid metal thermal management strategies, the most basic ways were outlined for developing liquid metal enabled combined cooling systems. The main scientific and technical features of the proposed hybrid cooling systems were illustrated. Particularly, five abstractive segments toward constructing the combinatorial liquid metal heat transfer systems were clarified. The most common methods on innovating liquid metal combined cooling systems based on this classification principle were discussed, and their potential utilization forms were proposed. For illustration purpose, several typical examples such as low melting point metal PCM combined cooling systems and liquid metal convection combined cooling systems, etc. were specifically introduced. Finally, future prospects to search for and make full use of the liquid metal combined high performance cooling system were discussed. It is expected that in practical application in the future, more unconventional combination forms on the liquid metal cooling can be obtained from the current fundamental principles.

关键词： combinatorial heat transfer liquid metal high flux cooling thermal management

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中国非常规油气的潜力和发展

胡文瑞,翟光明,李景明

《中国工程科学》 2010年第12卷第5期页码 25-29

摘要：

概述了国外和我国非常规油气资源开发利用状况，分析了我国发展非常规油气存在的困难，提出了加快发展我国非常规油气的对策与建议。

关键词：非常规油气勘探开发技术潜力对策

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The stabilization effect of Al₂O₃ on unconventional Pb/SiO₂ catalyst

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第10期页码 1423-1429 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2315-y

摘要： Similar to Sn, Pb located at the same group (IVA) in the periodic table of elements, can also catalyze propane dehydrogenation to propene, while a fast deactivation can be observed. To enhance the stability, the traditional carrier Al₂O₃ with a small amount, was introduced into Pb/SiO₂ catalyst in this study. It has been proved that Al₂O₃ can inhibit the reduction of PbO, and weaken the agglomeration and loss of Pb species due to its enhanced interaction with Pb species. As a result, 3Al15Pb/SiO₂ catalyst exhibits a much higher stability up to more than 150 h. In addition, a simple schematic diagram of the change of surface species on the catalyst surface after Al₂O₃ addition was also proposed.

关键词： Pb/SiO₂ Al₂O₃ propane dehydrogenation propene stability

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Unconventional energy: Seeking the ways to innovate energy science and technology

Jing LIU, Zhixiong GUO

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期页码 195-197 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0568-9

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Energy shift: decline of easy oil and restructuring of geo-politics

Oliver R. INDERWILDI,David A. KING

《能源前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第3期页码 260-267 doi: 10.1007/s11708-016-0416-8

摘要： This paper critically assesses the geopolitical and geo-economic impact of novel fuel resources on both resource exporters and importers. Presently, very strong political and economic forces drive the utilisation of domestic, unconventional oil and gas recovery in the West as these enhance energy security and ease balance of payment issues. The additional capacity generated by this trend has, supported by other effects such as Saudi Arabia’s decision to maintain current production, triggered a significant reduction of oil prices. Consequently, it is now oil exporters that struggle with the balance of payment issues and often these countries base their fiscal budget completely on fossil fuel revenues. In fact, these unconventional resources help turn the tide while oil exporters are now politically significantly weakened due to the increased energy sufficiency of the West. The catch is that the extraction of unconventional types of oil has many environmental implications. So, internalising the environmental externalities have to be considered. This paper, therefore, assesses, next to geopolitics and geo-economics, the environmental implications of this trend.

关键词： energy security climatic change geo-economics geopolitics unconventional resources macroeconomics

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中国石化非常规油气资源潜力及勘探进展

马永生,冯建辉,牟泽辉,赵培荣,包书景,王烽

《中国工程科学》 2012年第14卷第6期页码 22-30

摘要：

中国石油化工集团有限公司（简称中国石化）矿权区内拥有较为丰富的非常规油气资源，煤层气可勘探面积为10.19万km²，煤层埋深小于2 000 m的煤层气地质资源量为11.02万亿m³。页岩气可供勘探面积为17.5万km²，初步估算页岩气地质资源量为15.9万亿m³。页岩油勘探面积为11.76万km²，具有较大的资源基础及潜力。中国石化自2004年开始关注非常规油气资源，先后启动了页岩油气、煤层气等非常规油气资源的研究和勘探工作。目前在泌阳凹陷页岩油勘探泌页HF-1水平井分段压裂后获日产油23.6 m³；元坝地区多口陆相钻井测试获得高产气流，建南地区建页HF-1井日产气12 300 m³；延川南区块煤层气已探明地质储量为106.47亿m³，多口井排采获工业气流，初步形成了中国石化非常规油气资源多类型、多阶段的勘探开发格局。

关键词：中国石化非常规油气油气资源勘探

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中国非常规油气开发的“一全六化”系统工程方法论 Article

李国欣, 鲜成钢, 刘合

《工程（英文）》 2022年第18卷第11期页码 105-115 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.05.018

摘要：

非常规油气已经成为我国油气增储上产的最重要现实资源，但目前产量规模与巨大的资源量和快速增长的探明地质储量不匹配，技术、成本、管理和理念四个层次的挑战制约了规模效益开发。在实践的基础上，提出和阐述了“一全六化”系统工程方法论，即全生命周期管理、一体化统筹、专业化协同、市场化运作、社会化支撑、数字化管理及绿色化发展，并在吉木萨尔陆相页岩油等国家示范区得到了良好应用。本文提出了“非常规不代表低效益”和“非常规不等于低采收率”等颠覆性观点，指出管理者和开发专家必须始终把效益目标根植于内心，必须以理念变革推动管理革命，实现大幅度降本增效并引领技术发展。

关键词：非常规油气资源系统工程理念变革全生命周期管理地质-工程一体化

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非常规油气与智能油气工程 Editoial

李根生, 孙金声, 陈掌星, 芮振华

《工程（英文）》 2022年第18卷第11期页码 1-2 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.09.006

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非常规油气沉积学——研究非常规油气资源富集的“一把钥匙” Review

邹才能, 邱振, 张家强, 李志扬, 韦恒叶, 刘贝, 赵建华, 杨田, 朱世发, 陶辉飞, 张凤远, 王玉满, 张琴, 刘雯, 刘翰林, 冯子齐, 刘丹, 高金亮, 柳蓉, 李一凡

《工程（英文）》 2022年第18卷第11期页码 62-78 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2022.06.016

摘要：

过去近20 年，非常规油气资源（如页岩油/气、致密油/气）的商业化开采极大地改变了全球能源结构。非常规油气资源的“甜点区/段”（sweet-spot area/interval）通常由异常高有机质沉积或与其紧密伴生的（粉）细砂岩或碳酸盐岩等组成。非常规油气资源“甜点区/段”的形成主要受控于它们的沉积和成岩过程，是一定地质时期的构造活动、海/湖平面升降、气候变化、水体缺氧、火山活动、生物灭绝或辐射、重力流等全球或区域性地质事件沉积耦合的结果。异常高有机质泥页岩为烃类的生成提供了物质基础，而与其紧密伴生的（粉）细砂岩或碳酸盐岩为油气聚集提供了大量储集空间。本文以我国四川盆地奥陶系五峰组-志留系龙马溪组、鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组以及北美阿巴拉契亚盆地泥盆系马塞勒斯组和威利斯顿盆地泥盆系-石炭系巴肯组4 个典型非常规油气层系作为研究实例，结果表明：非常规油气“甜点区/段”的形成都受全球性或区域性重大地质事件的控制，它们的时空耦合为有机质的生产、保存和富集以及油气的生成、运移、成藏和开发创造有利的条件。非常规油气沉积学研究聚焦于富有机质泥页岩层系沉积时期重大地质事件及其相关的沉积耦合作用过程，是研究非常规油气“甜点区/段”形成与分布的“一把钥匙”。

关键词：沉积学黑色页岩细粒沉积有机质富集异常高有机质非常规油气

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随钻提高井壁质量、保护非常规油气储层水基钻完井液新技术 Article

蒋官澄, 孙金声, 贺垠博, 崔凯潇, 董腾飞, 杨丽丽, 杨旭坤, 王星星

《工程（英文）》 2022年第18卷第11期页码 129-142 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.11.014

摘要：

非常规油气的高效勘探开发已成为提高我国油气自给率的重要保障，但与常规油气和国外非常规油气相比，钻井中常遭遇的“井塌、井漏、高摩阻”和诱发的储层损害不仅影响成井率，更是“高成本、低产量与低效益”的重要原因。由特殊功能材料构成、可提高井壁质量的钻井液是解决这些难题的核心。但我国非常规油气储层条件具有复杂性、多变性和不确定性，国内外现有水基钻井液无法解决这些难题，油基钻井液虽具有一定优越性，但因环境污染风险和成本高等而使应用受限。近10 余年来，国内外热点研究具油基钻井液优点的水基钻井液，但都未取得突破性进展，其成为制约经济规模开发非常规油气的“共性与关键核心”重大技术难题。为此，本文由国际前沿仅提高钻井液自身抑制性和润滑性的外因法，拓展为同时随钻提高井壁质量的内外因结合法，并将仿生学引入石油工程化学材料合成领域，模仿海洋贻贝、猪笼草、蚯蚓等生物的生命活动、生物行为、组成与结构，利用研发的固壁剂、双疏抑制剂与键合润滑剂，研制了随钻提高井壁质量型保护储层钻完井液新技术。宏观和微观研究表明，该技术能减缓甚至阻止井壁岩石强度遭受破坏、岩石毛细管对水分的吸力反转为阻力、井壁高摩阻转变为超低摩阻，使水基钻井液的井壁稳定性、润滑性和储层保护效果超过典型油基钻井液；同时，废弃钻井液环境可接受，并可成为自然界植物的养分和生态循环系统中的一环，使其由环保型钻井液升级为生态型钻井液，实现了“成井率高、储层保护效果好、成本低、环境友好”一体化目标。该技术已在我国1000 余口高难度非常规油气井得到验证与推广应用，大幅缓减了“井塌、井漏、高摩阻”诱发的储层损害难题，平均井塌率减小82.6%、井漏发生率降低80.6%、摩阻复杂率降低80%以上、提速30%以上、油气井产量较以前提高1.5 倍以上。使原来必须使用油基钻井液方可完钻的井转变为水基钻井液完钻，已成为“规模、效益、环保”开发非常规油气资源行之有效的核心技术，并为保护储层技术开辟了新的研究方向，推动了石油工业与环境保护的协调发展；同时，本文通过向自然界学习成功建立了钻井液新技术，为石油工程原创性材料、技术与理论研发和创建提供了思想与灵感的不竭源泉。

关键词：储层保护井壁质量非常规油气钻完井液仿生学

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Unconventional hydrodynamics of hybrid fluid made of liquid metals and aqueous solution under applied

Xu-Dong ZHANG, Yue SUN, Sen CHEN, Jing LIU

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期页码 276-296 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0545-3

摘要： The hydrodynamic characteristics of hybrid fluid made of liquid metal/aqueous solution are elementary in the design and operation of conductive flow in a variety of newly emerging areas such as chip cooling, soft robot, and biomedical practices. In terms of physical and chemical properties, such as density, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, their huge differences between the two fluidic phases remain a big challenge for analyzing the hybrid flow behaviors. Besides, the liquid metal immersed in the solution can move and deform when administrated with non-contact electromagnetic force, or even induced by redox reaction, which is entirely different from the cases of conventional contact force. Owing to its remarkable capability in flow and deformation, liquid metal immersed in the solution is apt to deform on an extremely large scale, resulting in marked changes on its boundary and interface. However, the working mecha- nisms of the movement and deformation of liquid metal lack appropriate models to describe such scientific issues via a set of well-established unified equations. To promote investigations in this important area, the present paper is dedicated to summarizing this unconventional hydrodynamics from experiment, theory, and simulation. Typical experimental phenomena and basic working mechanisms are illustrated, followed by the movement and deformation theories to explain these phenomena. Several representative simulation methods are then proposed to tackle the governing functions of the electrohydrodynamics. Finally, prospects and challenges are raised, offering an insight into the new physics of the hybrid fluid under applied fields.

关键词： liquid metal hybrid fluid hydrodynamics surface tension applied fields self-actuation