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The current phosphate recycling situation in China and Germany: a comparative review

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《农业科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第6卷第4期页码 403-418 doi: 10.15302/J-FASE-2019287

摘要：

Phosphorus (P) is an indispensable element for organisms but the primary source of P—mineral phosphate resources—are non-renewable. Agricultural production has a high demand for fossil phosphate resources, but the resulting phosphate-rich residues are lack of management. This leads to rapid reserves depletion and severe phosphate pollution risks. One sustainable way is to reuse the phosphate dispersed in various residues such as sewage sludge and livestock manure. Diverse techniques have emerged to recover phosphate from wastes to close the phosphate cycle. While it is a global issue, the regional situations regarding potential phosphate scarcity and its management differ strongly. China is rich in phosphate resources, but over-exploitation has greatly increased the risk of phosphate rocks depletion, while in Germany the P resources depend on imports, but there is commitment to keep a balance between import and utilization. This had led to great differences in the way the two countries deal with the “re-use” of phosphate in waste. China is now in a transition phase from the simple terminal pollution control to “waste” reuse and nutrient resources recycling. One sign of this tendency is the mandatory garbage classification and preparation for further processing and recycling. This was first implemented in Shanghai in 2019, whereas Germany has been following the legal framework for waste management since the 19th century. There are a series of laws to control the nutrient loss from municipal and agricultural activities, as for instance with sewage sludge ordinance and fertilizer legislation. Many of these laws have been newly revised recently. Sewage sludge cannot be directly utilized on farmland as organic fertilizer any more. Alternatively, phosphate and other nutrients should be recovered from sewage sludge. Advanced phosphate recovery technologies and related nutrient recycling schemes are proceeding. This review summarizes the current situation of phosphate-containing residues management and phosphate reuse in China and Germany. The state legislation and policies, which would affect the phosphate recycling concept are presented as well. As there are various kinds of phosphate-containing residues, different phosphate recovery technologies can be applied. Those technologies are discussed from their mechanism and suitability.

关键词： phosphate recovery manure sewage sludge ordinances technologies

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Will Germany move into a situation with unsecured power supply?

Harald SCHWARZ

《能源前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第3期页码 551-570 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0641-z

摘要： Together with a huge number of other countries, Germany signed the Paris Agreements in 2015 to prevent global temperature increase above 2°C. Within this agreement, all countries defined their own national contributions to CO reduction. Since that, it was visible that CO emissions in Germany decreased, but not so fast than proposed in this German nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement. Due to increasing traffic, CO emissions from this mobility sector increased and CO emission from German power generation is nearly constant for the past 20 years, even a renewable generation capacity of 112 GW was built up in 2017, which is much higher than the peak load of 84 GW in Germany. That is why the German National Government has implemented a commission (often called “The German Coal Commission”) to propose a time line: how Germany can move out of coal-fired power stations. This “Coal Commission” started its work in the late spring of 2018 and handed over its final report with 336 pages to the government on January 26th, 2019. Within this report the following proposals were made: ① Until 2022: Due to a former decision of the German Government, the actual remaining nuclear power generation capacity of about 10 GW has to be switched off in 2022. Besides, the “Coal Commission” proposed to switch off additionally in total 12.5 GW of both, hard coal and lignite-fired power plants, so that Germany should reduce its conventional generation capacity by 22.5 GW in 2022. ② Until 2030: Another 13 GW of German hard coal or lignite-fired power plants should be switched off. ③ Until 2038: The final 17 GW of German hard coal or lignite-fired power plants should be switched off until 2038 latest. Unfortunately the “Coal Commission” has not investigated the relevant technical parameter to ensure a secured electric power supply, based on German’s own national resources. Because German Energy Revolution mainly is based on wind energy and photovoltaic, this paper will describe the negligible contribution of these sources to the secured generation capacity, which will be needed for a reliable power supply. In addition, it will discuss several technical options to integrate wind energy and photovoltaic into a secured power supply system with an overall reduced CO emission.

关键词： CO₂ reduction mobility sector renewable generation coal commission secured power generation capacity reliable power supply power-to-gas power-to-heat

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Causality relationship between the photovoltaic market and its manufacturing in China, Germany, the US

Molin HUO, Xiliang ZHANG, Jiankun HE

《能源前沿（英文）》 2011年第5卷第1期页码 43-48 doi: 10.1007/s11708-010-0135-5

摘要： This paper aims to investigate the Granger causality relationships between the photovoltaic (PV) market scale and PV manufacturing development in China, Germany, the US, and Japan, and consequently provide recommendations for strategic investment and industrial policy making. The empirical results show that the growth of the market scale caused the increase in innovation scale in the four countries except China. Moreover, there were bidirectional causalities between them in Germany and in the US, respectively, suggesting that the strategic perspective and the formation of a virtuous circle could make PV industry policies cost effective. Only in China did the growth of the market scale cause the increase in production scale, implying significant market risk for the manufacturing sector. The empirical result shows that the manufacturing sector can affect the dynamics of the market scale.

关键词： photovoltaic innovation demand pull scale economies granger causality

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Integrated energy in Germany–A critical look at the development and state of integrated energies in Germany

Saman AMANPOUR, Daniel HUCK, Mark KUPRAT, Harald SCHWARZ

《能源前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第4期页码 493-500 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0570-2

摘要： In the face of global warming and a scarcity of resources, future energy systems are urged to undergo a major and radical transformation. The recognition of the need to embrace renewable energy technologies and to move toward decarbonization has led to significant changes in the German energy generation, consumption and infrastructure. Ambitious German national plans to decrease carbon dioxide emissions on one side, and the unpredictable and volatile nature of renewable energy sources on the other side have elevated the importance of integrated energies in recent years. The deployment of integrated technologies as a solution to interlink various infrastructures creates opportunities for increasing the reliability of energy systems, minimizing environmental impacts and maximizing the share of renewable resources. This paper discusses the role of integrated energy systems in supporting of sustainable solutions for future energy transitions. Moreover, the reinforcement of this movement with the help of different technologies will be discussed and the development of integrated energy systems in Germany will be reviewed.

关键词： integrated energy renewable energies energy transition power-to-gas power-to-heat power-to-mobility energy storage

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Structural pavement assessment in Germany

Lutz PINKOFSKY, Dirk JANSEN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第12卷第2期页码 183-191 doi: 10.1007/s11709-017-0412-z

摘要： The aging structure as well as the considerable increase of heavy-traffic load on Germany’s motorways and trunk roads encourages the use of innovative, sound and reliable methods for the structural assessment on network level as well as on project level. Essential elements for this are data, which allow a reliable assessment. For a holistic approach to structural pavement assessment performance orientated measurements will be necessary. In combination with functional parameters as well as write-down models, strategically motivated decision making processes will be useful combined with technically motivated decision processes. For the application at the network level, the available methods for performance orientated measurements are still challenging, as they are based either on testing drill-cores or on non-traffic speed methods. In recent years significant innovation steps have been made to bring traffic speed bearing capacity measurements and methods for evaluating pavement structures on the road. The paper summarizes the actual assessment procedures in Germany as well as the ongoing work on the development and implementation of new methods and techniques.

关键词： pavement assessment Germany structure system

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法国、德国及欧盟对未来氢能研究和创新的愿景

Fermin Cuevas, 张俊先, Michel Latroche

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第6期页码 715-718 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.04.010

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轮轨技术是京沪高速铁路的必然选择——兼论日、德磁浮系统的现状

金履忠

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第7期页码 22-27

摘要：

自1994年以来，多次专家论证均认为，建轮轨式京沪高速铁路是可行的。1999年有三位院士提出，中国不宜发展轮轨列车，而应大力发展磁悬浮列车。文章介绍了三位院士的基本观点。为什么世界上已有近10个国家和地区已建、在建或计划近期建设轮轨式高速铁路运营线，却至今还没有建设一条磁悬浮的运营线？特别是为什么连有长期试验研究经验的日本、德国国内，对发展磁悬浮系统还有不小的争议呢？笔者以为，要害在于磁浮系统的经济效益太差，技术也不完全成熟，这才是决定的因素；磁浮系统除速度比轮轨式较高之外，无论技术上、经济上，与民航及轮轨式高速铁路相比，几乎没有任何优越之处，因此称之为"技术跨越"难以成立。建议：把磁浮系统应用于高速铁路，只宜做跟踪性、可行性研究，不宜花若干亿去建试验线，关键是要尽快批准轮轨式京沪高速铁路立项上马。

关键词：高速铁路技术经济比较轮轨铁路磁浮技术

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工业5.0——仿生学和合成生物学的关联及内涵 Artical

Peter Sachsenmeier

《工程（英文）》 2016年第2卷第2期页码 225-229 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.02.015

摘要：

仿生学(模仿生物特殊本领的学科) 以及合成生物学，将和过去50年的硅芯片一样与工程开发、工业发展产生紧密联系。化学工业已经将白色生物技术应用于新工艺、新材料和资源的可持续利用中。合成生物学也已经应用到第二代生物燃料的发展中，并利用特制的微生物或生物制催化剂获取太阳能。而仿生学在制药、处理工程以及DNA存储领域的市场潜力是巨大的。“登月计划”(ProjectMoonshot) 已经明确把医疗和新材料作为关注点，一场始于美国的创造大量新分子的竞争已经开始。本文首先概述了当前的一些项目，接下来探讨了代码工程(code engineering) 及其影响，包括脱氧核糖核酸(DNA)人工合成、信号分子以及生物回路。除此之外，还探讨了涉及人造食物链和食物的仿生学前沿——合成代谢，以及原材料生物工程。这些研究将给生物学带来新思考。生物工程将和今天的数字化技术一样驱动创新。本文讨论了生物工程，特别是碳基生物燃料的应用和细胞饰变的技术与风险。大数据、分析学和海量存储将是未来的发展方向。虽然合成生物学在未来50年将和当今的数字化一样普遍且具有革新能力，但是目前它的应用和影响力还处在初级阶段。本文采用了将生物工程发展分为五个阶段(DNA分析、生物回路、最小基因组、原始细胞、异源生物学)的普遍分类方法，阐述了其对安全与保障、工业发展以及生物工程和生物技术作为跨学科领域发展的影响，同时讨论了伦理问题及公众对仿生学和合成生物学结果的公众讨论的重要性。

关键词：仿生学合成生物学生物工程生物传感器生物燃料生物武器虚拟进化原始细胞异种细胞经济意义工业5.0 德国中国