2016, Volume 10, Issue 3
Frontiers of Medicine >> 2016, Volume 10, Issue 3 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0458-7
Physiological functions and clinical implications of the N-end rule pathway
1. College of Marine Life, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
2. State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
3. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a unique branch of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in which the determination of a protein’s half-life is dependent on its N-terminal residue. The N-terminal residue serves as the degradation signal of a protein and thus called N-degron. N-degron can be recognized and modifed by several steps of post-translational modifications, such as oxidation, deamination, arginylation or acetylation, it then polyubiquitinated by the N-recognin for degradation. The molecular basis of the N-end rule pathway has been elucidated and its physiological functions have been revealed in the past 30 years. This pathway is involved in several biological aspects, including transcription, differentiation, chromosomal segregation, genome stability, apoptosis, mitochondrial quality control, cardiovascular development, neurogenesis, carcinogenesis, and spermatogenesis. Disturbance of this pathway often causes the failure of these processes, resulting in some human diseases. This review summarized the physiological functions of the N-end rule pathway, introduced the related biological processes and diseases, with an emphasis on the inner link between this pathway and certain symptoms.
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