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Nuclear Energy—the Strategic Role and Sustainability in China

Pan Ziqiang,Shen Wenquan

Strategic Study of CAE 2008, Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 33-38

Abstract:

By analyzing the challenges of China´s energy supply, an excellent perspective of nuclear power development in china has been described. Taking into account the mid-long term development requirements, a comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable nuclear power strategic consideration and proposal is put forward. National nuclear industry can not only catch up with the world advanced level in proper time, but also possess the enough stamina of sustainability.

Keywords： nuclear energy strategic role sustainability

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Overall Development Strategy of Materials Used for China’s New-Generation Nuclear Power Plants

Gan Yong, Zhao Xiangeng, Xu Kuangdi

Strategic Study of CAE 2019, Volume 21, Issue 1, Pages 1-5 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.001

Abstract:

Materials and their manufacturing technology are the premise and foundation to support and guarantee the safe and stable operation of nuclear engineering. Among the 56 nuclear power plants in service or under construction, 52 nuclear power plants adopt pressurized water reactors. Demonstration power plants are being built for the high temperature gas cooled reactor and the sodium cold fast reactor, and other reactor types such as molten salt reactors, accelerator-driven subcritical systems, and supercritical water reactors are still in the research stage. This paper summarized and analyzed the challenges and problems in the course of research, manufacturing, and engineering application of materials used for China's new-generation nuclear power plants, and further proposed some strategic suggestions for the development of these materials, including establishing a national steering committee to guide their development; establishing a national research fund to specially support their development; creating an advanced and complete standards system for their development; constructing a national shared engineering-level radiation experimental device; and under the principle of independence, continuing the international cooperation in the related flied.

Keywords： new-generation nuclear power plants pressurized water reactors materials used for nuclear power plants development strategy

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Researches on ADS and the Sustainable Development of the Nuclear Energy

Zhao Zhixiang,Xia Haihong

Strategic Study of CAE 2008, Volume 10, Issue 3, Pages 66-72

Abstract:

The minimization of the nuclear waste is the key problem for the long term and sustainable nuclear energy development.Accelerator driven system (ADS) is a kind of high efficient nuclear waste transmutation machine (or incinerator), which is the key technique to solve the nuclear water problem. The basic theory of ADS and driven influence of ADS on the advanced accelerator, advanced cooling technique, etc are introduced. Meanwhile the present research situations of ADS in some countries are compared. At last,the key problem of the ADS development and the relationship between ADS and the development of nuclear energy in China is discussed.

Keywords： nuclear energy ADS transmutation

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A Preliminary Study of a Sustainable Energy System Based on Fast Reactor in China

Yang Yong,Wang Jing and Xu Mi

Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 3, Pages 32-38 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.03.005

Abstract:

Nuclear energy is one of the important energy that can optimize the energy structure and reduce carbon emissions. For the near term, the development of nuclear energy in China will still be dominated by pressured water reactors (PWRs), but long-term utilization of PWRs will result in the problems of uranium resources shortage and radioactive waste disposal. According to studies, the closed fuel cycle based on the fast reactor can effectively breed the nuclear fuel through multiple cycles, and meanwhile burn Minor Actinides (MA) produced in over six PWRs with the same capacity. According to the three-stage strategy of "experimental reactor–demonstration reactor–commercial reactor" of the fast reactor in China, as well as the situation that nuclear power development started late in China, a road map is suggested for the development of the fast reactor in China, in which the main mission for the fast reactor is to breed nuclear fuels till 2050, and to burn MA after 2050.

Keywords： fast breeder reactor sustainable nuclear energy system proliferation and transmutation

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Research on Technology Directions and Development Roadmap of Nuclear Energy

Du Xiangwan,Ye Qizhen,Xu Mi,Wan Yuanxi,Peng Xianjue,Su Gang,Yang Yong,Gao Xiang and Shi Xueming

Strategic Study of CAE 2018, Volume 20, Issue 3, Pages 17-24 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2018.03.003

Abstract:

According to the development level of nuclear energy technologies, this project is divided into three subjects, i.e., thermal neutron reactors, fast neutron reactors and generation IV reactors, and controlled nuclear fusion science and technology. Subject investigation, cross discussion and systematic integration methods are used in different stages of the research. This paper consists of the current status, safety, technological direction, and development roadmap of China’s nuclear energy. It is suggested that China should take the following measures. First, China should promote its independent advanced pressurized water reactor to enlarge the nuclear energy scale in a safe and efficient way in the short run. Second, China should accelerate the research and development of generation IV nuclear energy systems to deal with the problems of nuclear fuel breeding and transmutation of transuranics and long life fission products, and develope small modular reactors actively to expand the application range of nuclear energy in the mid run. Third, China should keep exploring the fusion energy in the long run. It is expected that there will be 1.5×108 kW of nuclear reactors in operation and another 5×107 kW in construction in 2030 and there will be a harmonious development of pressurized water reactors and fast neutron reactors in 2050. The development of China’s nuclear energy is also facing some challenges, such as the insufficient capacity of the front part and post part of the nuclear industry chain, the divergence in research and development power of the core technology, and more competition than cooperation among state owned companies. It is hoped that the China should construct a State Nuclear Energy Lab through integration of existing resources so as to concentrate the strength to promote the development of nuclear energy industry in a healthy and rapid way.

Keywords： nuclear energy thermal neutron reactor generation IV nuclear system controlled nuclear fusion development roadmap

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Nuclear Energy Seeks Revival with Advanced Fuel Options

Mitch Leslie

Engineering 2021, Volume 7, Issue 11, Pages 1508-1510 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.09.002

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The Roles of Nuclear Energy in Hydrogen Production Views & Comments

Shinji Kubo

Engineering 2022, Volume 16, Issue 9, Pages 16-20 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2021.12.024

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A Chinese–French Study on Nuclear Energy and the Environment Feature Article

Xiangeng Zhao, Qizhen Ye, Sébastien Candel, Dominique Vignon, Robert Guillaumont

Engineering 2023, Volume 26, Issue 7, Pages 159-172 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.011

Abstract:

This article focuses on the environmental impact of nuclear energy and addresses the following major environmental issues associated with nuclear power generation: ① controlling the radioactive discharge from nuclear installations under normal operation and evaluating their non-radioactive environmental impact (water withdrawals and non-radioactive discharges); ② long-term management of spent fuel and radioactive waste (radwaste), notably that disposed off in geological repositories; ③ prevention and mitigation of severe nuclear accidents and their radioactive releases and; ④ improving nuclear safety to restrict its environmental impact and to contribute toward the public acceptance of nuclear energy. Nuclear energy, with its very low emissions of green house gases, has a unique capacity to generate massive and on-demand dispatchable amounts of electricity. The annual effective radiation dose delivered to the public surrounding nuclear power plants under normal operation is negligible. Considerable efforts have been made to define sustainable management of high-level long-lived radwaste that is disposed in geological formations. The return of experience from severe nuclear accidents in the past has informed and propelled major improvements in several aspects of nuclear energy production—including reactor design and operational management as well as in the development of accident-management guidelines— and has proved to be highly valuable. The environmental risks in the event of a severe accident have been substantially reduced and protocols have been established to minimize the release of radioactive materials and avoid the large-scale evacuation of people in the event of a severe nuclear accident. Efforts must be continued to improve reactor safety and enhance the transparency of the industry and the authorities that support and control nuclear power to further reduce the environmental impact.

Keywords： Nuclear energy Environmental impact Radwaste management Severe nuclear accidents Nuclear safety

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The Future of Nuclear Energy Relies on Integrated Reactor Development Processes Views & Comments

Hervé Machenaud

Engineering 2016, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 55-58 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.021

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Development Strategy of Nuclear Energy Mineral Resources

Zhang Jindai , Li Ziying , Su Xuebin , Tan Yahui , Li Shengxiang , Su Yanru , Li Jianhua , Deng Ping , Xu Lechang , Pan Ziqiang

Strategic Study of CAE 2019, Volume 21, Issue 1, Pages 113-118 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.016

Abstract:

Nuclear energy mineral resources refer to uranium resources and thorium resources with potential application prospects. At present, it mainly refers to uranium resources. With an unbalanced global distribution, the supply and demand of the uranium resources will inevitably be adjusted through the market. To build a competitive nuclear industry, a strong supply capacity of the nuclear energy mineral resources is required. A great power of nuclear energy mineral resources should possess both resource endowment and resource management capabilities. The main indicators for a great power of nuclear energy mineral resources should include domestic resource support capacity, scientific and technological strength, enterprise strength, international management and planning abilities, and sustainable development potentials. To become a great power of nuclear energy mineral resources, China should implement a number of major scientific and technological innovation projects and major application demonstration projects; build a number of 1000-ton uranium resources development bases; participate in international cooperation by actively “going global”, especially cooperation with the “Belt and Road” countries; and provide policy support for scientific and technological innovation, industrial development, and overseas development.

Keywords： nuclear energy mineral resources uranium resources indicator system

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The Traveling Wave Reactor: Design and Development Review

John Gilleland, Robert Petroski, Kevan Weaver

Engineering 2016, Volume 2, Issue 1, Pages 88-96 doi: 10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.024

Abstract:

The traveling wave reactor (TWR) is a once-through reactor that uses in situ breeding to greatly reduce the need for enrichment and reprocessing. Breeding converts incoming subcritical reload fuel into new critical fuel, allowing a breed-burn wave to propagate. The concept works on the basis that breed-burn waves and the fuel move relative to one another. Thus either the fuel or the waves may move relative to the stationary observer. The most practical embodiments of the TWR involve moving the fuel while keeping the nuclear reactions in one place−sometimes referred to as the standing wave reactor (SWR). TWRs can operate with uranium reload fuels including totally depleted uranium, natural uranium, and low-enriched fuel (e.g., 5.5% ²³⁵U and below), which ordinarily would not be critical in a fast spectrum. Spent light water reactor (LWR) fuel may also serve as TWR reload fuel. In each of these cases, very efficient fuel usage and significant reduction of waste volumes are achieved without the need for reprocessing. The ultimate advantages of the TWR are realized when the reload fuel is depleted uranium, where after the startup period, no enrichment facilities are needed to sustain the first reactor and a chain of successor reactors. TerraPower’s conceptual and engineering design and associated technology development activities have been underway since late 2006, with over 50 institutions working in a highly coordinated effort to place the first unit in operation by 2026. This paper summarizes the TWR technology: its development program, its progress, and an analysis of its social and economic benefits.

Keywords： Nuclear energy Electricity generation Advanced reactor Traveling wave reactor Sustainability

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Sustainable Development of Chinses Nuclear Power

Zhao Renkai

Strategic Study of CAE 2000, Volume 2, Issue 10, Pages 33-41

Abstract:

Nuclear power is considered a sustainable energy resource, and it is a very important pillar for the development of Chinese national economy in the future. In the paper, the present status of nuclear power development in the world and China is described. The general and specific policies and technical route for Chinese nuclear power development, and several problems commonly concerned with Chinese nuclear power development, such as uranium resources、nuclear safety、radioactive wastes and localization of nuclear power in China are expounded and analyzed. Finally, the prospects of nuclear power development in China are forecasted and some suggestions put forward. Further development of nuclear power in China should base on the available PWR´s technology and to achieve localization、standardization、serialization The Fast Breeding Reactor plays a very important role during the course of nuclear power advancement, it should be strongly promoted and supported .At the same time, planning and construction of reprocessing plants together with necessary related in-stallations should be carried out as soon as possible.

Keywords： nuclear energy uranium resources nuclear safety radioactive westes localization

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核能发展国际高端论坛 International Summit on Nuclear Energy Development

Conference Date: 15 May 2019

Conference Place: 中国

Administered by: 中国工程院

Self-reliance and Innovation of Qinshan Phase Ⅱ NPP Project

Ye Qizhen,Yang Lanhe

Strategic Study of CAE 2008, Volume 10, Issue 1, Pages 23-32

Abstract:

The self-reliance and innovation of Qinshan nuclear power project of phase II is clecilhed.It contains new reactor core design, as well as related experimental and calculation analysis, especially for new reactor design produced fluid-induced vibration model test, theoretical analysis and testing in-built reactor; aiming at two-loop NSSS a series improvement made for safety systems and related safety analysis to enhance their reliability and redundancy; according to specialty of two-loop NSSS an optimization made for NPP parameters and design of related equipments, for the purpose to make the output of NPP maximal; design of main reactor building and T-G building also improved according to characteristics of two-loop NSSS and site conditions. CRDM and refueling machine are researched and manufactured on base of self-reliance, their performance are better than design requirements, large portion of key equipments are localized through different way. In construction first time realized the integrated erection of containment dome. During the commissioning non-nuclear steam driving of T-G set, as well as 500 kV high voltage rising using emergent diesel generator, etc. are carried out. In period of operation still continuous innovation and improvement are made, in oader to keep the good record of operation.

Keywords： nuclear power project phase Ⅱ

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Non-pressurized Heating Reactor——a Realizable And Economical Clean Energy

Tian Jiafu

Strategic Study of CAE 2000, Volume 2, Issue 2, Pages 74-76

Abstract:

The substitution of a large-scale clean energy for burning coal is needed in China because of serious pollution in cities and CO₂ emission. Nuclear energy is an option of the clean energy, it can not only be used for generating electricity but also for urban district heating in stead of coal. A non-pressurized heating reactor has been designed based on experience of pool type research reactors of China. It can supply heat for urban district heating system and has a high level of safety and reliability. This is a realizable and economical solution for clean energy supply. Since the district heating systems are plentifully developed in cities of China, the heating sources which can be used in the systems will be able to improve air-environment and decrease greenhouse gas emission in a large-scale.

Keywords： atmospheric pollution greenhouse gas nuclear heating