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ship maintenance cost；price index；cointegration test 1

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Electricity demand, GDP and employment: evidence from Italy

Cosimo MAGAZZINO

Frontiers in Energy 2014, Volume 8, Issue 1, Pages 31-40 doi: 10.1007/s11708-014-0296-8

Abstract: This paper applies time series methodologies to examine the causal relationship among electricity demand, real per capita GDP and total labor force for Italy from 1970 to 2009. After a brief introduction, a survey of the economic literature on this issue is reported, before discussing the data and introducing the econometric techniques used. The results of estimation indicate that one cointegrating relationship exists among these variables. This equilibrium relation implies that, in the long-run, GDP and labor force are correlated negatively, as well as GDP and electricity. Moreover, there is a bi-directional Granger causality flow between real per capita GDP and electricity demand; while labor force does not Granger-cause neither real per capita GDP nor electricity demand. This implies that electricity demand and economic growth are jointly determined at the same time for the Italian case. The forecast error variance decomposition shows that forecast errors in real per capita GDP are mainly caused by the uncertainty in GDP itself, while forecast errors in labor force are mainly resulted from the labor force itself, although aggregate income and electricity are important, too.

Keywords： energy policies electricity demand GDP labor force stationarity structural breaks cointegration causality

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Study on ship maintenance cost modeling analysis based on price change

Zhang Huaiqiang,Jiang Tiejun and Wang Meng

Strategic Study of CAE 2015, Volume 17, Issue 5, Pages 71-75

Abstract:

The relationship between ship equipment maintenance cost and price change was determined， through analysis of price chance effect on ship maintenance cost. By econometric models， based on the producer price index and different type of ship maintenance cost time series data， the influence law of price change on ship maintenance cost was studied and the stable equilibrium between sample data was tested by Augment Dickey-Fuller（ADF） method. Research shows that the inherent relevance between the ship equipment maintenance cost and price index is a long-term stable equilibrium， but the price change influence on ship equipment maintenance cost exists the lagging.

Keywords： ship maintenance cost；price index；cointegration test