As the largest terrestrial ecosystem in China, grassland plays a strategic role in ensuring the ecological and food security and carrying forward the grassland culture of China. This paper analyzes the current situation, development trend and major influence factors of the resources, ecological functions and productivity of the grassland in China and discusses the current and future challenges, opportunities and potential of China's grassland ecological security and productivity as well as the development of grassland husbandry. Based on the analysis, the author further makes suggestions on the strategic goals and focuses, key measures and major policies for the ecological and food security of China's grassland.